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A Peek Beyond the Point Class 7 Notes Maths Chapter 3 - #NCSOLVE 📚

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Class 7 Maths Chapter 3 Notes A Peek Beyond the Point

Class 7 Maths Notes Chapter 3 – Class 7 A Peek Beyond the Point Notes

→ We can split a unit into smaller parts to get more exact/accurate measurements.

→ We extended the Indian place value system and saw that

  • 1 unit = 10 one-tenths
  • 1 tenth = 10 one-hundredths
  • 1 hundredth = 10 one-thousandths
  • 10 one-hundredths = 1 tenth
  • 100 one-hundredths = 1 unit

→ A decimal point (‘.’) is used in the Indian place value system to separate the whole number part of a number from its fractional part.

A Peek Beyond the Point Class 7 Notes Maths Chapter 3 width=

→We also learnt how to compare decimal numbers, locate them on the number line, and perform addition and subtraction.

The Need for Smaller Units Class 7 Notes

Sonu’s mother was fixing a toy. She was trying to join two pieces with the help of a screw. Sonu was watching his mother with great curiosity. His mother was unable to enter the pieces. Sonu asked why. His mother said that the screw was not of the right size.
A Peek Beyond the Point Class 7 Notes Maths Chapter 3 1
She brought another screw from the box and was able to fix the toy. The two screws looked the same to Sonu. But when he observed them closely, he saw they were of slightly different lengths.
A Peek Beyond the Point Class 7 Notes Maths Chapter 3 2
Sonu was fascinated by how such a small difference in lengths could matter so much. He was curious to know the difference in lengths. He was also curious to know how little the diffrence was because the screws looked nearly the same.

In the following fiure, screws are placed above a scale. Measure them and write their length in the space provided.
A Peek Beyond the Point Class 7 Notes Maths Chapter 3 3
What is the meaning of 2\(\frac{7}{10}\) cm (the length of the fist screw)?
As seen on the ruler, the unit length between two consecutive numbers is divided into 10 equal parts.
To get the length 2\(\frac{7}{10}\) cm, we go from 0 to 2 and then take seven parts of \(\frac{1}{10}\).
The length of the screw is 2 cm and \(\frac{7}{10}\) cm.
Similarly, we can make sense of the length 3\(\frac{2}{10}\) cm.
We read 2\(\frac{7}{10}\) cm as two and seven-tenth centimeters, and 3\(\frac{2}{10}\) cm as three and two-tenth centimeters.

Write the measurements of the objects shown in the picture:
A Peek Beyond the Point Class 7 Notes Maths Chapter 3 4
As seen here, when exact measures are required, we can make use of smaller units of measurement.

A Tenth Part Class 7 Notes

The length of the pencil shown in the figure below is 3\(\frac{4}{10}\) units, which can also be read as 3 units and four one-tenths, i.e., (3 × 1) + (4 × \(\frac{1}{10}\)) units.
A Peek Beyond the Point Class 7 Notes Maths Chapter 3 5
This length is the same as 34 one-tenths unit because 10 one-tenths unit makes one unit.
\(34 \times \frac{1}{10}=\frac{34}{10}=\frac{10}{10}+\frac{10}{10}+\frac{10}{10}+\frac{4}{10}\) (34 one-tenths)
= 1 + 1 + 1 + \(\frac{4}{10}\) (3 and 4 one-tenths)
A few numbers with fractional units are shown below, along with how to read them.
4\(\frac{1}{10}\) → ‘four and one-tenth’
\(\frac{4}{10}\) → ‘four one-tenths’ or ‘four-tenths’
\(\frac{41}{10}\) → ‘forty-one one-tenths’ or ‘forty-one tenths’
41\(\frac{1}{10}\) → ‘forty-one and one-tenth’

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For the objects shown below, write their lengths in two ways and read them aloud. An example is given for the USB cable. (Note that the unit length used in each diagram is not the same.)
The length of the USB cable is 4 and \(\frac{8}{10}\) units or \(\frac{48}{10}\) units.
A Peek Beyond the Point Class 7 Notes Maths Chapter 3 6

Sonu is measuring some of his body parts. The length of Sonu’s lower arm is 2\(\frac{7}{10}\) units, and that of his upper arm is 3\(\frac{6}{10}\) units. What is the total length of his arm?
To get the total length, let us see the lower and upper arm lengths as 2 units and 7 one-tenths, and 3 units and 6 one-tenths, respectively.
So, there are (2 + 3) units and (7 + 6) one-tenths. Together, they make 5 units and 13 one-tenths. But 13 one-tenths is 1 unit and 3 one-tenths.
So, the total length is 6 units and 3 one-tenths.
A Peek Beyond the Point Class 7 Notes Maths Chapter 3 7
Or, both lengths can be converted to tenths and then added:
(c) 27 one-tenths and 35 one-tenths is 62 one-tenths
\(\frac{27}{10}+\frac{35}{10}=\frac{62}{10}\)
\(\frac{62}{10}\) is the same as 60 one-tenths (\(\frac{60}{10}\)) and 2 one-tenths (\(\frac{2}{10}\)), which is equal to 6 units and 2 one-tenths, i.e., 6\(\frac{2}{10}\).

The lengths of the body parts of a honeybee are given. Find its total length.
A Peek Beyond the Point Class 7 Notes Maths Chapter 3 8
Head: 2\(\frac{3}{10}\) units
Thorax: 5\(\frac{4}{10}\) units
Abdomen: 7\(\frac{5}{10}\) units

The length of Shylaja’s hand is 12\(\frac{4}{10}\) units, and her palm is 6\(\frac{7}{10}\) units, as shown in the picture. What is the length of the longest (middle) finger?
A Peek Beyond the Point Class 7 Notes Maths Chapter 3 9
The length of the finger can be found by evaluating (12 + \(\frac{4}{10}\)) – (6 + \(\frac{7}{10}\)). This can be done in different ways. For example,
A Peek Beyond the Point Class 7 Notes Maths Chapter 3 10
As in the case of counting numbers, it is convenient to start subtraction from the tenths. We cannot remove 7 one-tenths from 4 one-tenths. So we split a unit from 12 and convert it to 10 one-tenths. Now, the number has 11 units and 14 one-tenths. We subtract 7 one-tenths from 14 one-tenths and then subtract 6 units from 11 units.

A Hundredth Part Class 7 Notes

The length of a sheet of paper was 8\(\frac{9}{10}\) units, which can also be said as 8 units and 9 one-tenths. It is folded in half along its length. What is its length now?
A Peek Beyond the Point Class 7 Notes Maths Chapter 3 11
We can say that its length is between 4\(\frac{4}{10}\) units and 4\(\frac{5}{10}\) units. But we cannot state its exact measurement, since there are no markings. Earlier, we split a unit into 10 one-tenths to measure smaller lengths. We can do something similar and split each one-tenth into 10 parts.
A Peek Beyond the Point Class 7 Notes Maths Chapter 3 12

What is the length of this smaller part? How many such smaller parts make a unit length?
As shown in the figure below, each one-tenth has 10 smaller parts, and there are 10 one-tenths in a unit; therefore, there will be 100 smaller parts in a unit. Therefore, one part’s length will be \(\frac{1}{100}\) of a unit.
A Peek Beyond the Point Class 7 Notes Maths Chapter 3 13
Returning to our question, what is the length of the folded paper?
We can see that it ends at \(4 \frac{4}{10} \frac{5}{100}\), read as 4 units and 4 one-tenths and 5 one-hundredths.

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Observe the figure below. Notice the markings and the corresponding lengths written in the boxes when measured from 0. Fill in the lengths in the empty boxes.
A Peek Beyond the Point Class 7 Notes Maths Chapter 3 14
The length of the wire in the first picture is given in three different ways. Can you see how they denote the same length?
A Peek Beyond the Point Class 7 Notes Maths Chapter 3 15
\(1 \frac{1}{10} \frac{4}{100}\) → One and one-tenth and four-hundredths
1\(\frac{14}{100}\) → One and fourteen-hundredths
\(\frac{114}{100}\) → One Hundred and Fourteen-hundredths

For the lengths shown below, write the measurements and read out the measures in words.
A Peek Beyond the Point Class 7 Notes Maths Chapter 3 16
A Peek Beyond the Point Class 7 Notes Maths Chapter 3 17

In each group, identify the longest and the shortest lengths. Mark each length on the scale.
A Peek Beyond the Point Class 7 Notes Maths Chapter 3 18
A Peek Beyond the Point Class 7 Notes Maths Chapter 3 19

What will be the sum of \(15 \frac{3}{10} \frac{4}{100}\) and \(2 \frac{6}{10} \frac{8}{100}\)?
This can be solved in different ways. Some are shown below.
(a) Method 1
A Peek Beyond the Point Class 7 Notes Maths Chapter 3 20
(b) Method 2
A Peek Beyond the Point Class 7 Notes Maths Chapter 3 21

Observe the addition done below for 483 + 268. Do you see any similarities between the methods shown above?
(400 + 80 + 3) + (200 + 60 + 8)
= (400 + 200) + (80 + 60) + (3 + 8)
= 600 + 140 + 11
= 600 + 150 + 1
= 700 + 50 + 1
= 751
One can also find the sum \(15 \frac{3}{10} \frac{4}{100}+2 \frac{6}{10} \frac{8}{100}\) by converting to hundredths, as follows.
A Peek Beyond the Point Class 7 Notes Maths Chapter 3 22

What is the diffrence: 25\(\frac{9}{10}\) – \(6 \frac{4}{10} \frac{7}{100}\)?
One way to solve this is as follows:
A Peek Beyond the Point Class 7 Notes Maths Chapter 3 23

Solve this by converting to hundredths.
What is the diffrence \(15 \frac{3}{10} \frac{4}{100}-2 \frac{6}{10} \frac{8}{100}\)?
One way to solve this is as follows:
A Peek Beyond the Point Class 7 Notes Maths Chapter 3 24

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Observe the subtraction done below for 653 – 268. Do you see any similarities with the methods shown above?
(600 + 50 + 3) – (200 + 60 + 8)
= (600 – 200) + (50 – 60) + (3 – 8)
= (600 – 200) + (40 – 60) + (13 – 8)
= (600 – 200) + (40 – 60) + 5
= (500 – 200) + (140 – 60) + 5
= 300 + 80 + 5
= 385

Decimal Place Value Class 7 Notes

You may have noticed that whenever we need to measure something more accurately, we split a part into 10 (smaller) equal parts ― we split a unit into 10 one-tenths and then split each one-tenth into 10, and then we use these smaller parts to measure.

Can we not split a unit into 4 equal parts, 5 equal parts, 8 equal parts, or any other number of equal parts instead?
Yes, we can. The example below compares how the same length is represented when the unit is split into 10 equal parts and when the unit is split into 4 equal parts.
A Peek Beyond the Point Class 7 Notes Maths Chapter 3 25
If an even more precise measure is needed, each quarter can be further split into four equal parts. Each part then measures \(\frac{1}{16}\) of a unit, i.e., 16 such parts make 1 unit.
A Peek Beyond the Point Class 7 Notes Maths Chapter 3 26

Then why split a unit into 10 parts every time?
The reason is the special role that 10 plays in the Indian place value system. For a whole number written in the Indian place value system — for example, 281 — the place value of 2 is hundreds (100), that of 8 is tens (10), and that of 4 is ones (1). Each place value is 10 times bigger than the one immediately to its right. Equivalently, each place value is 10 times smaller than the one immediately to its left:
10 ones make 1 ten,
10 tens make 1 hundred,
10 hundreds make 1 thousand, and so on.
A Peek Beyond the Point Class 7 Notes Maths Chapter 3 27
To extend this system of writing numbers to quantities smaller than one, we divide one into 10 equal parts. What does this give? It gives one-tenth. Further dividing it into 10 parts gives one-hundredth, and so on.
A Peek Beyond the Point Class 7 Notes Maths Chapter 3 28

Can we extend this further? What will the fraction be when \(\frac{1}{100}\) is split into 10 equal parts?
It will be \(\frac{1}{1000}\), i.e., a thousand such parts make up a unit.
A Peek Beyond the Point Class 7 Notes Maths Chapter 3 29
Just as when we extend to the left of 10,000, we get bigger place values at each step, we can also extend to the right of \(\frac{1}{1000}\), getting smaller place values at each step.
A Peek Beyond the Point Class 7 Notes Maths Chapter 3 30
This way of writing numbers is called the “decimal system” since it is based on the number 10; “decem” means ten in Latin, which in turn is cognate to the Sanskrit daśha meaning 10, with similar words for 10 occurring across many Indian languages including Odia, Konkani, Marathi, Gujarati, Hindi, Kashmiri, Bodo, and Assamese. We shall learn about other ways of writing numbers in later grades.

How Big?
We already know that a hundred 10s make 1000, and a hundred 100s make 10000.

Notation, Writing, and Reading of Numbers
We have been writing numbers in a particular way, say 456, instead of writing them as 4 × 100 (4 hundreds) + 5 × 10 (5 tens) + 6 × 1 (6 ones). Similarly, can we skip writing tenths and hundredths?
Can the quantity 4\(\frac{2}{10}\) be written as 42 (skipping the \(\frac{1}{10}\) in 2 × \(\frac{1}{10}\))?
If yes, how would we know if 42 means 4 tens and 2 units or it means 4 units and 2 tenths?
Similarly, 705 could mean:

  • 7 hundreds, 0 tens, and 5 ones (700 + 0 + 5)
  • 7 tens and 0 units and 5 tenths (70 + 0 + \(\frac{5}{10}\))
  • 7 units and 0 tenths and 5 hundredths (7 + \(\frac{0}{10}\) + \(\frac{5}{100}\))

Since these are different quantities, we need to have distinct ways of writing them.

To identify the place value where integers end and the fractional parts start, we use a point or period (‘.’) as a separator, called a decimal point. The above quantities in decimal notation are then:
A Peek Beyond the Point Class 7 Notes Maths Chapter 3 31
These numbers, when shown through place value, are as follows:
A Peek Beyond the Point Class 7 Notes Maths Chapter 3 32
Thus, decimal notation is a natural extension of the Indian place value system to numbers also having fractional parts. Just as 705 means 7 × 100 + 5 × 1, the number 70.5 means 7 × 10 + 5 × \(\frac{1}{10}\), and 7.05 means 7 × 1 + 5 × \(\frac{1}{100}\).

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We have seen how to write numbers using the decimal point (‘.’). But how do we read/say these numbers?
We know that 705 is read as seven hundred and five.
70.5 is read as seventy point five, short for seventy and five-tenths.
7.05 is read as seven point zero five, short for seven and five hundredths.
0.274 is read as zero point two seven four. We don’t read it as zero point two hundred and seventy four, as 0.274 means 2 one-tenths and 7 one-hundredths and 4 one-thousandths.

In the chapter on large numbers, we learned how to write 23 hundred.
23 hundreds = 23 × 100 = 2000 + 300 = 2300.
A Peek Beyond the Point Class 7 Notes Maths Chapter 3 33
Similarly, 23 tens would be:
23 tens = 23 × 10 = 200 + 30 = 230.
A Peek Beyond the Point Class 7 Notes Maths Chapter 3 34

How can we write 234 tenths in decimal form?
234 tenths = \(\frac{234}{10}\)
= \(\frac{200}{10}+\frac{30}{10}+\frac{4}{10}\)
= 20 + 3 + \(\frac{4}{10}\)
= 23.4
A Peek Beyond the Point Class 7 Notes Maths Chapter 3 35

Units of Measurement Class 7 Notes

Length Conversion
We have been using a scale to measure length for a few years. We already know that 1 cm = 10 mm (millimeters).

How many cm is 1 mm?
1 mm = \(\frac{1}{10}\) cm = 0.1 cm (i.e., one-tenth of a cm).

How many cm is (a) 5 mm? (b) 12 mm?
(a) 5 mm = \(\frac{5}{10}\) cm = 0.5 cm
(b) 12 mm = 10 mm + 2 mm
= 1 cm + \(\frac{2}{10}\) cm
= 1.2 cm

How many mm is 5.6 cm?
Since each cm has 10 mm, 5.6 cm (5 cm + 0.6 cm) is 56 mm.

The illustration below shows how small some things are! Try taking an approximate measurement of each.
A Peek Beyond the Point Class 7 Notes Maths Chapter 3 36

→ The three blue stripes represent the typical relative sizes of pen strokes: fine stroke, medium stroke, and bold stroke.

→ A human hair is about 0.1 mm in thickness.

→ The thickness of a newspaper can range from 0.05 to 0.08 mm.

→ Mustard seeds have a thickness of 1 – 2 mm.

→ The smallest ant species discovered so far, Carabera Bruni, has a total length of 0.8 – 1 mm. They are found in Sri Lanka and China.

→ The smallest land snail species discovered so far, Acmella Nana, has a shell diameter of 0.7 mm. They are found in Malaysia.

We also know that 1 m = 100 cm. Based on this, we can say that
1 cm = \(\frac{1}{100}\) m = 0.01 m.

How many m is (a) 10 cm? (b) 15 cm?
(a) 10 cm = \(\frac{1}{10}\) m = 0.1 m
Since each cm is one-hundredth of a meter, 15 cm can be written as
(b) 15 cm = \(\frac{15}{100}\) m
= \(\frac{10}{100}\) m + \(\frac{5}{100}\) m
= \(\frac{1}{10}\) m + \(\frac{5}{100}\) m
= 0.15 m

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Here, we have some more interesting facts about small things in nature!
A Peek Beyond the Point Class 7 Notes Maths Chapter 3 37

→ The egg of a hummingbird typically is 1.3 cm long and 0.9 cm wide.

→ The Philippine Goby is about 0.9 cm long. It can be found in the Philippines and other Southeast Asian countries.

→ The smallest known jellyfish, Irukandji, has a bell size of 0.5 – 2.5 cm. Its tentacles can be as long as 1 m. They are found in Australia. Its venom can be fatal to humans.

→ The Wolf octopus, also known as the Star-sucker Pygmy Octopus, is the smallest known octopus in the world. Their typical size is around 1 – 2.5 cm, and they weigh less than 1 g. They are found in the Pacific Ocean.

Weight Conversion
Let us look at kilograms (kg). We know that 1 kg = 1000 gram (g). We can say that
1 g = \(\frac{1}{1000}\) kg = 0.001 kg.

How many kilograms is 5 g?
5 g = \(\frac{5}{1000}\) kg = 0.005 kg.

How many kilograms is 10 g?
10 g = \(\frac{10}{1000}\) = \(\frac{1}{100}\) kg = 0.010 kg.
As each gram is one-thousandth of a kg, 254 g can be written as
254 g = \(\frac{254}{1000}\) kg
= (\(\frac{200}{1000}+\frac{50}{1000}+\frac{4}{1000}\)) kg
= (\(\frac{2}{10}+\frac{5}{100}+\frac{4}{1000}\)) kg
= 0.254 kg.

Look at the picture below showing different quantities of rice. Starting from the 1 g heap, subsequent heaps can be found that are 10 times heavier than the previous heap/packets. The combined weight of rice in this picture is 11.111 kg.
A Peek Beyond the Point Class 7 Notes Maths Chapter 3 38
Also, 1 gram = 1000 milligrams (mg).
So, 1 mg = \(\frac{1}{1000}\) g = 0.001 g.

Rupee ─ Paise Conversion
You may have heard of ‘paisa’. 100 paise is equal to 1 rupee. As we have coins and notes for rupees, coins for paise were also used commonly until recently. There were coins for 1 paisa, 2 paise, 3 paise, 5 paise, 10 paise, 20 paise, 25 paise, and 50 paise. All denominations of 25 paise and less were removed from use in the year 2011. But we still see paisa in bills, account statements, etc.
A Peek Beyond the Point Class 7 Notes Maths Chapter 3 39
1 rupee = 100 paise
1 paisa = \(\frac{1}{100}\) rupee = 0.01 rupee
As each paisa is one-hundredth of a rupee,
75 paise = \(\frac{75}{100}\) rupee
= (\(\frac{70}{100}+\frac{5}{100}\)) rupee
= (\(\frac{7}{10}+\frac{5}{100}\)) rupee
= 0.75 rupee.

During the 1970s, a masala dosa cost just 50 paise, one could buy a banana for 20-25 paise, a handful of peppermints were available for 2 paise or 3 paise, and a kg of rice cost ₹ 2.45.3
A Peek Beyond the Point Class 7 Notes Maths Chapter 3 40

Locating and Comparing Decimals

Let us consider the decimal number 1.4. It is equal to 1 unit and 4 tenths. This means that the unit between 1 and 2 is divided into 10 equal parts, and 4 such parts are taken. Hence, 1.4 lies between 1 and 2. Draw the number line and divide the unit between 1 and 2 into 10 equal parts. Take the fourth part, and we have 1.4 on the number line.
A Peek Beyond the Point Class 7 Notes Maths Chapter 3 41

There is Zero Dilemma!
Sonu says that 0.2 can also be written as 0.20, 0.200; Zara thinks that putting zeros on the right side may alter the value of the decimal number. What do you think?
We can figure this out by looking at the quantities these numbers represent using place value.
A Peek Beyond the Point Class 7 Notes Maths Chapter 3 42
We can see that 0.2, 0.20, and 0.200 are all equal as they represent the same quantity, i.e., 2 tenths. But 0.2, 0.02, and 0.002 are different.

A Peek Beyond the Point Class 7 Notes Maths Chapter 3 width=

In the number line shown below, what decimal numbers do the boxes labelled ‘a’, ‘b’, and ‘c’ denote?
A Peek Beyond the Point Class 7 Notes Maths Chapter 3 43
The box with ‘b’ corresponds to the decimal number 7.5; are you able to see how? There are 5 units between 5 and 10, divided into 10 equal parts. Hence, every 2 divisions make a unit, and so every division is \(\frac{1}{2}\) unit. What numbers do ‘a’ ‘c’ denote?

Which is larger: 6.456 or 6.465?
To answer this, we can use the number line to locate both decimal numbers and show which is larger. This can also be done by comparing the corresponding digits at each place value, as we do with whole numbers. This comparison is visualised step by step below. Note that the visualisation below is not to scale.
A Peek Beyond the Point Class 7 Notes Maths Chapter 3 44
We start by comparing the most significant digits (digits with the highest place value) of the two numbers. If the digits are the same, we compare the next smaller place value. We keep going till we find a position where the digits are not equal. The number with the larger digit at this position is the greater of the two.

Closest Decimals
Consider the decimal numbers 0.9, 1.1, 1.01, and 1.11. Identify the decimal number that is closest to 1.
Let us compare the decimal numbers. Arranging these in ascending order, we get 0.9 < 1 < 1.01 < 1.1 < 1.11.
Among the neighbours of 1, 1.01 is \(\frac{1}{100}\) away from 1, whereas 0.9 is \(\frac{10}{100}\) away from 1.
Therefore, 1.01 is closest to 1.

Addition and Subtraction of Decimals Class 7 Notes

Priya requires 2.7 m of cloth for her skirt, and Shylaja requires 3.5m for her kurti. What is the total quantity of cloth needed?
We have to find the sum of 2.7 m + 3.5 m.
Earlier, we saw how to add 2\(\frac{7}{10}\) + 3\(\frac{5}{10}\) (also shown below). Can you carry out the same addition using decimal notation? It is shown below. Share your observations.
The total quantity of cloth needed is 6.2 m.
A Peek Beyond the Point Class 7 Notes Maths Chapter 3 45

How much longer is Shylaja’s cloth compared to Priya’s?
We have to find the difference between 3.5 m – 2.7 m.
Again, observe how the diffrences 3\(\frac{5}{10}\) – 2\(\frac{7}{10}\) and 3.5 m – 2.7 m are computed.
A Peek Beyond the Point Class 7 Notes Maths Chapter 3 46
As you can see, the standard procedure for adding and subtracting whole numbers can be used to add and subtract decimals.

A detailed view of the underlying place value calculation is shown below for the sum 75.345 + 86.691. Its compact form is shown next to it.
A Peek Beyond the Point Class 7 Notes Maths Chapter 3 47

Decimal Sequences
Observe this sequence of decimal numbers and identify the change after each term.
4.4, 4.8. 5.2, 5.6, 6.0, ……
We can see that 0.4 is being added to a term to get the next term.

Estimating Sums and Differences
Sonu has observed sums and differences of decimal numbers and says, “If we add two decimal numbers, then the sum will always be greater than the sum of their whole number parts. Also, the sum will always be less than 2 more than the sum of their whole number parts.”

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Let us use an example to understand what his claim means: If the two numbers to be added are 25.936 and 8.202, the claim is that their sum will be greater than 25 + 8 (whole number parts) and will be less than 25 + 1 + 8 + 1.

More on the Decimal System Class 7 Notes

Decimal and Measurement Disasters
Decimal point and unit conversion mistakes may seem minor sometimes, but they can lead to serious problems. Here are some actual incidents in which such errors caused major issues.

→ In 2013, the finance office of the Amsterdam City Council (Netherlands) mistakenly sent out €188 million in housing benefits instead of the intended €1.8 million due to a programming error that processed payments in euro cents instead of euros. (1 euro-cent = \(\frac{1}{100}\) euro).

→ In 1983, a decimal error nearly caused a disaster for an Air Canada Boeing 767. The ground staff miscalculated the fuel, loading 22,300 pounds instead of kilograms—about half of what was needed (1 pound ~ 0.453 kg). The plane ran out of fuel mid-air, forcing the pilots to make an emergency landing at an abandoned airfield. Fortunately, everyone survived.

Several incidents have occurred due to the incorrect reading of decimal numbers while giving medication. For example, reading 0.05 mg as 0.5 mg can lead to using a medicine 10 times more than the prescribed quantity. It is therefore important to pay attention to units and the location of the decimal point.

Deceptive Decimal Notation
Sarayu gets a message: “The bus will reach the station 4.5 hours post noon.” When will the bus reach the station: 4:05 p.m., 4:50 p.m., 4:25 p.m.? None of these! Here, 0.5 hours means splitting an hour into 10 equal parts and taking 5 parts out of it. Each part will be 6 minutes (60 minutes/10) long. 5 such parts make 30 minutes. So, the bus will reach the station at 4:30.

Here is a short story of a decimal mishap: A girl measures the width of an opening as 2 ft 5 inches but conveys to the carpenter to make a door 2.5 ft wide. The carpenter makes a door of width 2 ft 6 inches (since 1 ft = 12 inches, 0.5 ft = 6 inches), and it wouldn’t close fully
A Peek Beyond the Point Class 7 Notes Maths Chapter 3 48
If you watch cricket, you might have noticed decimal-looking numbers like ‘Overs left: 5.5’. Does this mean 5 overs and 5 balls or 5 overs and 3 balls? Here, 5.5 overs means 5\(\frac{5}{6}\) overs (as 1 over = 6 balls), i.e., 5 overs and 5 balls.

A Pinch of History – Decimal Notation Over Time
Decimal fractions (i.e., fractions with denominators like \(\frac{1}{10}\), \(\frac{1}{100}\), \(\frac{1}{1000}\), and so on) are used in the works of several ancient Indian astronomers and mathematicians, including in the important 8th century works of Shridharacharya on arithmetic and algebra. Decimal notation, in essentially its modern form, was described in detail in Kitab al-Fusul fi al-Hisab al Hindi (The Book of Chapters on Indian Arithmetic) by Abul Hassan al-Uqlidisi, an Arab mathematician, in around 950 CE. He represented the number 0.059375 as 0.059375.

In the 15th century, to separate whole numbers from fractional parts, several different notations were used:

  • a vertical mark on the last digit of the whole number part (as shown above),
  • Use of different colours and
  • numerical superscript giving the number of fractional decimal places (0.36 would be written as 362 ).

In the 16th century, John Napier, a Scottish mathematician, and Christopher Clavius, a German mathematician, used the point/period (‘.’) to separate the whole number and the fractional parts, while François Viète, a French mathematician, used the comma (‘,’) instead.

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Currently, several countries use the comma to separate the integer part and the fractional part. In these countries, the number 1,000.5 is written as 1000,5 (space as a thousand separator). But the decimal point has endured as the most popular notation for writing numbers having fractional parts in the Indian place value system.

Class 7 Maths Notes

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Empowering Students with AI-Driven Learning Solutions

Welcome to NCsolve — your trusted educational platform designed to support students worldwide. Whether you're preparing for Class 10, Class 11, or Class 12, NCsolve offers a wide range of learning resources powered by AI Education.

Our platform is committed to providing detailed solutions, effective study techniques, and reliable content to help you achieve academic success. With our AI-driven tools, you can now access personalized study guides, practice tests, and interactive learning experiences from anywhere in the world.

🔎 Why Choose NCsolve?

At NCsolve, we believe in smart learning. Our platform offers:

  • ✅ AI-powered solutions for faster and accurate learning.
  • ✅ Step-by-step NCERT Solutions for all subjects.
  • ✅ Access to Sample Papers and Previous Year Questions.
  • ✅ Detailed explanations to strengthen your concepts.
  • ✅ Regular updates on exams, syllabus changes, and study tips.
  • ✅ Support for students worldwide with multi-language content.

🌐 Explore Our Websites:

🔹 ncsolve.blogspot.com
🔹 ncsolve-global.blogspot.com
🔹 edu-ai.blogspot.com

📲 Connect With Us:

👍 Facebook: NCsolve
📧 Email: ncsolve@yopmail.com

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