Green Skills Class 9 AI Notes - #NCSOLVE 📚

These AI Class 9 Notes Chapter 5 Green Skills Class 9 Notes simplify complex AI concepts for easy understanding.

Class 9 AI Green Skills Notes

Introduction to Environment Class 9 Notes

Everything around us forms our environment. It affects all aspects of our life, likewise our day to day activities also affect the environment.
We depend on different environmental resources, like; Forests, Grasslands, Rivers, Plants etc for our food and other needs.
Over the years with economic development there has been an increase in environmental pollution that threatens the stability of environment. We need to plan the maintenance of the environment in a sustainable manner, so that we can enjoy the good environment, it may be sustainable agriculture, developing eco-fashion design, manufacturing of solar panel, etc.

Relationship Between Society and Environment

The society constitutes of group of people living together in a community, a village, a city, a town, a states or a country. It is these group of people with their own set of ideologies and beliefs that affects the environment. If a group of people believe that rivers are sacred, then all people belonging to that group will resonate the practices that support their belief.
If a group of people believe that killing of animals is a heinous crime, the people in that community will reflect it in their behaviour shaping their relationship. But, if a group of people is greedy and is concerned to accumulate wealth, their actions will echo their mind-set and will have adverse effect on the environment.

As said every action have an equal and opposite reaction. So, is this true in case of the Society and Environment. To fulfil our greed, we are exploiting the resources nature has given us, while nature has its own way to show its fury.
Issues like Global Warming, Climate change, other man-made disasters are a few that have a directly implication of man’s activities.
Natural Disasters like earthquakes have a direct impact on the economy hence affecting the society. Hence, it may be concluded that both society and environment are interdependént and cannot exist in isolation.

Natural Resources Class 9 Notes

A resource is any natural or artificial substance, energy or organism which is used by humans for its welfare.
Natural resources are the resources that are available freely in nature such as water, land, soil, rocks, forests, animals, fossil fuels and minerals. They are the basis of life and all life forms depend on them. Natural resources are used to survive and to function properly.
Natural resources can be consumed directly or indirectly. Humans depend on forest directly for food, biomass, health, recreation etc. Indirectly forests help in climate regulation, prevention of floods, storm protection etc.
Natural resource can be in solid, liquid or gas form. They can be organic, inorganic, metallic or non-metallic.
Different forms of natural resources are given below:

Land Resource

Land as a resource is used for food production, for residence and recreation. It is a finite (limited) resource, used for agriculture and non-agriculture such as developing infrastructure.

Forest Resource

A forest is a natural, self sustaining community characterised by the presence of trees. Wood from forest is used in making furniture, tool handles, railway sleepers, matches, ploughs, bridges, boats etc. Wood is also used as an energy source for cooking and keeping warm.
Flora and fauna of forests provide other resources like tannins, gums, drugs, spices, waxes, honey, horns, musk, ivory, hides etc.

Water Resource

Water covers about three quarter of Earth’s surface which includes water in rivers, lakes, oceans, underground aquifers etc. It is a necessary element for life and vital in agriculture, industry, household, recreation (activities like swimming, fishing) and in environmental activities.

Mineral Resource

Mineral deposit is a concentration of naturally occurring solid, liquid or gaseous material. They are present in or on the Earth’s crust in such form that their extraction and conversion into useful materials are profitable now or in future. Minerals are non-renewable. They can be metals like iron, copper, aluminium or non-metals like salt, gypsum, clay, sand phosphates. Some minerals consist of a single element such as gold, silver, diamond, sulphur etc.

Food Resources

Resources that are used as food or provide food for organisms are called food resources, e.g. plants. Agriculture is main source of plant food for human. Plants serve as food resource for herbivores and omnivores. They are eaten by animals and birds who become the food for carnivores and omnivores.

Energy Resources

Resources that produce heat, power that can be used as energy to produce electricity or to move objects are called energy resources.
Different types of energy resources are given below:

• Nuclear fusion e.g. solar energy.
• Gravity generated by Sun and Moon.
• Nuclear fission (atomic energy).
• Energy in the interior of the Earth.
• Energy stored in chemical bonds, e.g. fossil fuels. Because fossil fuels provide huge amount of energy but they have harmful effects on the environment. They are also non-renewable.

Artificial Resources:

Resources developed by humans during the growth of civilisation are called artificial resources. For example, biogas, thermal electricity, plastics etc.

Categories of Natural Resources

Natural resources can be categorised as follows

Inexhaustible Resources The resources which cannot be exhausted by human consumption are called inexhaustible resources, e.g. solar radiation, wind power, water power, tidal power etc.

Exhaustible Resources Resources that are available in limited quantities and are going to be exhausted due to continuous use are called exhaustible resources e.g. stock of coal. It is in limited quantity and it’s continuous use will exhaust this resource.

Renewable Resources Resources that are constantly available (like water) or can be replaced or recovered (like vegetative land) are called renewable resource. Some resource can be replaced but the process may take many years. They are not counted as renewable.
Some exhaustible resources are naturally regenerated, e.g. forest trees and plants. They are renewable. But if the forest is totally cut down to get land for construction of buildings, then the forest cover is lost forever.

Renewable Energy Systems Renewable resources that are constantly replaced and are less polluting, are used to produce energy such as hydropower (energy from moving water), solar, wind, geothermal (energy from the heat inside the Earth).

Non-Renewable Resources The resources that cannot be easily replaced once they are destroyed or used up are called non-renewable resource, e.g. fossil fuels, minerals. It takes thousands of years for minerals to form again in a process called rock cycle, so it is a non-renewable resource.

Some non-renewable resources are called Inorganic Resources as they come from non-living things like minerals, they come from rocks, land, soil etc.

Non-Renewable and Renewable Resources

Ecosystem and Factors Causing Imbalance Class 9 Notes

Ecological imbalance is caused when natural or a man-made disturbance disrupts the natural balance of an

ecosystem. Human activities have direct implication in causing ecological imbalance.
Following are the man-made disruption that causes ecological imbalance:

Over Exploitation

It takes place when harvesting of resources is more than their reproduction or replenishment (recovery). It means that a particular species or a resource is used up or taken away much faster than its natural population can recover or replace it.
For example, Removal of wild medicinal plant at a much faster rate than it can be replaced naturally. Over hunting, over fishing also makes a species extinct. Excessive grazing, destruction of forests, water acquifers and natural habitats are overexploitation of natural resources.

Mining

Mining takes place when mines are dug below the Earth’s surface to get ores. The ores are then refined to extract valuable elements like metals, gems, minerals.
The environmental impacts of mining are erosion, formation of sinkholes and loss of biodiversity. Chemicals from the mines also cause contamination of soil, ground water and surface water.

Deforestation

Clearance of forest or stand of trees to convert that land to non-forest use for agriculture, construction etc. is deforestation. It causes loss of habitat for plant and animal species living in the forest and may lead to their extinction.

Pollution
The word is derived from the Latin word ‘Polluere’ meaning ‘to soil’ or ‘defile (contaminate)’. Pollution is caused by pollutants which are unwanted solid, liquid or gaseous in nature.

Pollutants are produced due to human activity. They bring undesirable changes in our surroundings that have harmful effects on plants, animals and human beings.
For example, Factories release harmful chemicals in air, land and water thus contaminating the atmosphere and causing water pollution.

Fossil fuel emissions pollute the air as they emit carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide on burning.

Types of Pollution

Types of Pollutants

Effects of Environmental Imbalances Class 9 Notes

Environmental degradation disrupts the delicate balance in nature. It changes the Earth in many ways. The ill-effects of environmental imbalances are described below :

Climate Change

Frequent changes in climate is the result of global warming and green house effect.

Global Warming

Global warming is the heating up of the Earth. This happen when the burning of fossil fuels like coal, petrol, diesel produce gases that trap and prevent Earth’s heat from escaping.

Green House Effect

The Earth becomes hotter due to global warming which is caused by emission of gases that trap heat. This is called the green house effect.

Forest convert carbondioxide into carbon and oxygen. But the loss of forest cover and increasing release of green house gases through industrialsation contributes to green house effect.

Green House Gases

Green house gases occur naturally through decomposition of organic matter and through human activity like agriculture,
burning of fossil fuels. These gases are water vapour, Carbondioxide (CO₂), Methane (CH₄), Nitrous Oxide (N₂O) and Ozone (O₃).
Some green house gases have no natural sources but are side products of industrial processes or specially manufactured for various purposes such as clearing agents, refrigerants and electrical insulators.
These are fluorinated gas: Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), Hydro Chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), Hydrofluorocarbons (HCFCs). These gases causes snow to melt very fast.
arbondioxide gas has increased by 31 % since pre-industrial times. It causes more heat to be trapped in the lower atmosphere resulting in frequent floods, changes in climate, damage to crops and animal life.

Harmful Radiation

The atmosphere protects us from the harmful radiations from the Sun. It is done by the Ozone layer, a layer of gas all around the Earth in the atmosphere.
Cleaning chemicals, coolants in refrigerators and air-conditioners release substances such as chlorofluorocarbons that deplete the ozone layer. These chemicals destroy the ozone layer by making holes in it through which harmful radiations reach earth. The radiations cause increased incidence of health disorders such as skin cancer.

Natural Disasters

These include floods, earthquakes, landslides, storms etc. Human actions in exploiting natural resources for making dams, buildings aggravates the impact of natural calamities and disasters.

Saving the Environment : What can you do? Class 9 Notes

For saving the environment, there is need to educate people. Education gives people the knowledge and skills that they need to perform.
Educating people about the environment, through the environment and for the environment will enlighten them

in utilising their knowledge and skills for saving the environment.

Education help in saving the environment in three ways :

Learning About The Environment

Learning about the environment focuses mainly on acquisition of knowledge and understanding of our surroundings and related issues.

Learning Through The Environment

It refers to the processes of learning while being engaged with environment inside and outside the classroom. Learning processes like observation, hands on experience, learning by doing, problem solving are focussed here. Direct contact with environment, helps in acquiring knowledge, skills, aesthetic appreciation (admiring nature) and practical experience of learning.
Damage to the environment can be reduced by developing skills and knowledge needed for efficient resource utilisation, green processes and technologies. Integrating this knowledge into businesses and daily activities reduce damage to environment.

Learning For the Environment

It aims at the development of an informed response and responsibility towards the environment.

Reduce, Reuse, Recycle Class 9 Notes

Three Rs can be applied for saving the environment. They are Reduce, Reuse and Recycle. It is a modern waste management concept.

Reduce

It refers to ‘do not use what you do not need’. Reduction at source will have lesser chances of waste generation. This will reduce the pressure on our natural resources also.
People can reduce the use of unnecessary items while shopping, buy items with minimum packaging, avoid buying disposable items and avoid asking for plastic carry bags. Using reusable cloth or jute bag is better than plastic bags.

Reuse

It refers to reuse the materials for other purposes such as making pillow covers or rags out of used shirts or ladies suits.

Recycling

It refers to reusing some components of the waste that may have some economic value. Recycling helps in conservation of resources, reduction in energy used for manufacturing and reducing pollution. Metals, paper, glass, plastics are recyclable. Aluminium and steel can be recycled many times. Wet waste from kitchen (fruit, vegetable peels) are also recyclable as it can be utilised to make compost and used as an organic fertiliser. For this, every house should segregate (separate) waste into dry and wet garbage.

Kitchen waste are wet garbages that can be turned into vermicompost. Dry garbages are also mostly recyclable. Break through technologies have developed recently to recover useful materials from industrial wastes.

Non-toxic solid waste should also be segregated. They should be properly disposed in landfills that are sealed to avoid any leakage and contamination of surrounding land and groundwater.

Example of Reduce, Reuse, Recycle

This will help in reducing cutting of trees from which paper is made.

Actions for Saving The Environment

Conserving Natural Resources Class 9 Notes

Conservation

It refers to the proper management of natural resources to prevent their exploitation, destruction or degradation.
Conservation is the sum total of activities where natural resources are used efficiently to derive benefits but at the same time preventing their excessive use to avoid any destruction, degradation or wastage.
To conserve a resource, first step is resource audit which examines the way of consumption of resources, then to take conservation measures accordingly is the next step.

Example

1. For energy use audit, examine the use of AC system, ventilation system, light system and entry of sunlight into the room/building.
2. Plan energy saving measures by cleaning dust from tubelights for better lighting, regular servicing and maintenance of home appliances. Switching off lights, fans, devices when not in use.
This helps to conserve energy which ultimately saves money and fossil fuels.
Conservation of the natural resources are described below

Soil Conservation

It refers to adopting various methods to check soil erosion and to improve soil fertility. Soil conservation can be done by the following ways :

• Maintenance of Soil Fertility Fertility can be maintained by adding manures and fertilisers regularly and by crop rotation (growing of different crops in succession).
• Control on Grazing, Grazing uproots the grasses therefore it should be allowed in specific areas only.
• Reforestation Planting of trees and increasing vegetation cover to reduce soil erosion.
• Terracing A farming practised in hilly areas. It is done by dividing a hill slope into several flat fields. This controls rapid run of water.
• Contour Ploughing Ploughing at right angles of the natural slopes. This allows the furrows to trap water and check soil erosion caused by rain water.

Water Conservation

Water conservation and its management is essential for the survival of mankind, plants and animals. This can be done by following ways:

• Growing Vegetation Vegetation in the catchment areas (land areas from which water flows into river) help in holding water in the soil. The water then percolates into deeper layers and forms or increases ground water.
• Construction of Dams and Reservoirs This helps in two ways- regulate water supply to the fields and enables the generation of hydroelectricity.
• Sewage Treatment Treating of sewage water and then releasing the clear water into the rivers.
  Prevent Water Pollution By treating industrial wastes (effluents) prevents chemicals from entering water sources. Thermal pollution of fresh water should also be prevented.
• Rainwater Harvesting This should be done by storing rainwater and recharging groundwater.
• Watershed Management Watershed is a single unit of land with its water drainage system. Its management includes soil and water management which increases vegetative cover in the area.

Energy Conservation

Human use a lot of non-renewable sources of energy for their needs. Since these resources are limited, their conservation is essential. Energy conservation refers to efficient use of the energy sources and save them wherever possible. Some of the ways of conserving energy are as follows:

• Switch off lights, fans, TV, electrical items when not in use.
• Use tube lights and energy efficient bulbs that save c energy.
• Remove dust from tubes and bulbs and keep them clean to improve lighting levels by 10-20 %.
• Some electric items like AC, geysers, heaters, dryers use lot of electrical power, use them when necessary.
• Use pressure cooker and keep vessels covered while cooking to save energy and for faster cooking.
• Do not keep the door of refrigerator open for a long time and cool down the hot foods before putting in refrigerator.
• Use cooking methods that use less energy like use a pressure cooker or solar cooker.
• Travelling in a bus or in a group in a carpool also saves energy.

Food Conservation

Conserving food and its storage have been practiced by people to feed mankind during shortage. Food is stored in warehouses to feed people on large scale. At home food is stored in refrigerators. There are various other ways of food preservation to prevent its spoilage from harmful bacteria and other micro-organisms.

Forest Conservation

It refers to the retention of existing forest or the creation of new forest at the levels prescribed by the state or local authority.
For this, forest conservation programs are initiated but participation of the local community living in and around the forest is important for their success.

Sustainable Development and Green Economy Class 9 Notes

The current way of economic development is using up resources of the world rapidly. The future generation would have to face serious environmental problems that are much worse than present situation.

The increase in population and income has increased the consumption of goods. This has led to rise in production for which natural resources are used rapidly.

This is unsustainable so the society must change its development strategy to a form which will not destroy the environment., This new form of sustainable development can be brought if people practice a sustainable life style and ensure judicious utilisation of resources.

Biodiversity Class 9 Notes

Biological diversity is variety and richness of different plants and animal species found locally in a region, in the country and the world. It exists in different type of ecosystems-both terrestrial (land) and aquatic.
Biodiversity is essential for the following purposes:

• Preserving ecological processes such as fixing, recycling of nutrients
• Soil formation
• Circulation and cleansing of air and water
• In maintaining global life support systems such as plants giving out O₂ and absorbing CO₂
• Maintaining the water balance within ecosystems
• Watershed protection
• Maintaining stream and river flows throughout the year
• Erosion control
• Local flood reduction

What is Sustainable Development? Class 9 Notes

As per World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987, Sustainable development is defined as ‘development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs’.

It guarantees the balance between economic growth, care for the environment and social well-being.
The concept-appeared for the first time in 1987 with the publication of the Brundtland Report. The report warned about negative environmental consequences of economic growth and globalisation. Sustainable development includes the following:

• Reducing excessive use of resources and enhancing resource conservation.
• Recycling and reuse of waste material.
• Scientific management of renewable resources, especially bio-resources.
• Planting more trees.
• Planting green grassy patches between concrete buildings.
• Using more environment friendly material or biodegradable material.
• Use of environment friendly technologies that are based on efficient use of resources.

Sustainable Development Goals

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) also known as Global Goals are a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity.
They were launched at the United Nations Sustainable Development Summit held in New York in September 2015, forming the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. The agenda with its 17 SDGs was adopted by world leaders in 2015. Main idea is to develop a roadmap for progress that is sustainable and leaves no one behind.

Objectives For Making SDGs

The SDGs are framed with the objective to address vital issues facing businesses, governments and society about poverty, gender equality, water use, energy, climate change and biodiversity. Aim is to provide secure, affordable and sustainable economy for which countries are framing policies and regulations.

Green Growth Class 9 Notes

It refers to the aims for achieving economic growth that is socially inclusive and environmentally sustainable. The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Governmert of India recognised green growth in its vision, wherein ‘poverty eradication’ along with green growth is important for green economy.

As per the Finance Commission of India, green growth is “rethinking growth strategies with regard to their impacts on the environmental sustainability and the environmental resources available to poor and vulnerable groups”. Extent of economy to grow green is on two things-ability to reduce the quantity of resources required and support economic growth that leads to social equality and job creation.

For sustainable development, any activity for economic growth must also consider its environmental impacts. e.g. Vehicles on road that leads to traffic jam, waste of time for commuters, emission of harmful gases should be slowly replaced with an efficient public transport system.

Green Economy Class 9 Notes

Green economy was coined in 1989 in a report titled ‘Blue Print for a Green Economy’ made for the Government of United Kingdom’ by leading environmental economists.

According to United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) 2011, “green economy is one that results in improved human well-being and social equity, while significantly reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities”. It is low in carbon, resource efficient and socially inclusive.

Importance of Green Economy

A green economy is a system which helps in economic growth at the same time, taking care of the environment. It is beneficial from three aspects which are shown in the figure below

The figure shows that green economy is beneficial for all, i.e., environment, economy and society.

Building factories, using chemicals for more crops harm the environment. But if farmers do not use fertilisers, then it will harm the economy of the farmers.

But both, the environment and economy are part of society. As people become aware of serious health hazards caused by fertilisers and pesticides in their food, they will put pressure on farmers to reduce the use of chemicals. .

People will use more of green products made by ecosensitive industries and products that cause severe damage to the environment may not be used. In this way green economy is beneficial from three aspects, i.e. environment, economy and society.

Green Consumer

A green consumer is very concerned about the environment and therefore only purchases products that are environment friendly and eco-friendly. Eco-friendly products are those that have very little packaging, made from natural ingredients and their making do not causes pollution.

Components of a Green Economy

Green economy uses less resources, causes less pollution and provides growth for everyone. The components are as follows:

Renewable Energy

• Energy from renewable sources like wind, water, Sun, Earth, biomass etc. These are available in large quantities and cause less pollution.
• India is amongst the top 10 countries for production of renewable energy through solar, wind and biomass.

Green Building

• Buildings that cause minimum damage to the environment during their construction and operation.
• Green buildings use energy, water and other resources wisely with minimum waste.

Well-Managed (Sustainable) Transport

• Sustainable means what is good for the economy as well as the future of the environment.
• Sustainable transport cause less or no damage to the environment.
• It costs less and help more people move quickly.

Water Management

• Need to avoid wastage of water.
• Need to reduce water pollution.
• Need to recycle water for various purposes.

Waste Management

• Waste materials increase land, water and air pollution and causes loss of resources for cleaning the waste.
• Waste can be managed by separating it before throwing.
• Using 3R-Reduce, Reuse and Recycle will help in waste management.

Land Management

• Land is needed for many purposes like farming, forests, factories, homes, roads etc.
• Land management is when land is used in a way that it meets the requirements of people without causing damage to the environment.

Skill Development For Green Economy Class 9 Notes

India is facing a major challenge of expanding access to food, energy, water, essential goods and services to its growing population. Therefore, it needs to work towards the objective of alleviating poverty and facilitating sustainable development.
Skill development for a green economy ensures an efficient transition from unsustainable to a green economy. This is done by matching supply with the demands needed for skill development.

For example, An organic farmer needs to have knowledge and skills for growing organically certified crops. Similarly, solar technicians or engineers should possess the knowledge and skills for design, installation and maintenance of solar panels and appliances. Green job can be with business, non-profit organisations, government or education.
Some green jobs may not require specific skills.
For example, A graphic designer or a cashier working for a green organisation will not require specific skill development.
But they will be contributing to the development of green growth and economy.

Green Skills Class 9 Notes

Green skills are skills used to promote green economy. They are needed in areas similar to renewable energy, sewage water treatment, developing climate resilient cities, green construction, solid waste management etc. Green skills are also known as skills for sustainability.

According to Green Skills Agreement, “skills for sustainability, also known as green skills, are the technical skills, knowledge, values and attitudes needed in the workforce to develop and support sustainable social, economic and environmental outcomes in business, industry and the community”.

Areas of Green Skills

Some of the areas in which green skills contribute to the sustainable development are as follows:

• Using renewable energy (e.g. solar power, wind energy)
• Water and waste management
• Rain water harvesting
• Conserving energy
• Reducing pollution

Importance of Green Skills

Green skills are crucial for making a transition from an economy based on energy and emissions to cleaner and greener production and services. It prepares people for green jobs that contribute to preserving or restoring the quality of the environment, while improving human well-being and social equality. For this, technologies to make use of solar energy such as solar lights, solar cooker, solar water heaters etc. are developed.

Green skills contribute to preserving or restoring environmental quality for sustainable future. Therefore, it include jobs that protect ecosystems and biodiversity, reduce energy and minimise waste and pollution. In future green skills are going to be more important as all countries will move towards a greener economy.

National Skill Development Mission

The mission was officially launched by Government of India in 2015. It is developed to create convergence across sectors and states in terms of skill training activities including green skills. The knowledge and skills needed for managing resources and supporting efficiency are as follows:

Green Skill Development Programme

The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change has taken the initiative for skill development in environment and forest sector. It enables India’s youth to get gainful employment and/or self-employment. This program is called Green Skill Development Programme. The programme aims to develop green skilled workers having technical knowledge and commitment to sustainable development to attain the sustainable development goals.

Green skills thus aim to balance economic development with environmental conservation, so that needs of the society, economy and environment are efficiently met with minimum damage to the environment.

Green Consumer Day

The Green Consumer Day is celebrated globally on 28 th September of every year. On this day people celebrate Earth by bringing about awareness on how small actions can help Earth to remain green and clean.
People wear the colour green to express to the world their feelings regarding the universe and mother nature. People tend to recycle more than usual on that day.

What are Green Jobs? Class 9 Notes

Green job is employment in any industry that contributes to preserving or restoring environmental quality in that sector and allowing for sustainable development. The jobs that help protect ecosystems and biodiversity as well as aim to reduce energy, materials and water usage are included in green jobs. They can be in any sectors such as agriculture, manufacturing, research and development activities etc. They can bring transition from high carbon to low carbon economy by promoting environment friendly technologies. Sectors with potential to green jobs are as follows:

Sectors With Potential to Green Jobs

Green Projects Class 9 Notes

Green projects are implemented by people and organisations concerned and motivated to do something for saving the environment. Green projects are implemented in areas like waste management, energy conservation, green sanitation, biofuel use, green buildings etc.

Examples of Green Projects

1. Solid Waste Management by ‘Swachh Cooperative’ Swachh cooperative is in Pune and is wholly owried by waste pickers. These people are engaged in door step collection of waste. The cooperative has successfully integrated informal waste picking with Pune city’s solid waste management system.

They now work with dignity and ensure efficient disposal of wastes. Wet waste is used for regeneration of biogas and solid waste is recycled.

2. Modern Chulha of Society of Development and Environment Protection In this project, modern chulhas are developed which are energy efficient cooking stoves.

These stoves help the movement of air through it, so that wood burns easily and efficiently. Chulha uses biomass that reduces consumption of wood by 50 % and reduction in smoke by 80 %. The chulhas are developed by the society of development and environment protection and named as ‘Modern DEEP (Development and Environment Protection).

This project trains masons and welders to produce these chulhas thereby increasing employment and entrepreneurship opportunities. Project was first started in 1995 in 35000 households of solan district in Himachal Pradesh.

3. Bio-toilet by ‘Green Solution Foundation’ Bio-toilet project is initiated by Green Solution Foundation (GSF). It provides hygienic sanitation in villages and slums of cities that lack in sewage systems. This eco-friendly toilet has a biodigester tank that uses aerobic bacteria and converts human waste into environment standard compatible water. This can be used for flushing and irrigation.

The GSF provides training on toilet use and servicing, which increases employment and entrepreneurship opportunities. The bio-toilets are funded by users and donors.
Benefits of Bio-toilets

• Efficient sewage system
• Water conservation due to less flushing
• Decrease in soil and water contamination
• Decrease in diseases due to hygienic sanitation

Glossary

• Natural resources are available freely in nature like land, forest, water, mineral, food and energy resources.
• Three ‘R’ – Reduce, Reuse and Recycle are three ways of saving the environment.
• Components of green economy includes developing more of renewable energy, green buildings, sustainable transport, water management, waste and land management.
• Skill development for a green economy ensures sustainability alongwith development.
• Green skills are the technical knowledge, values and attitude needed to support sustainable and resource efficient society.
• National Skill Development Mission was launched in 2015 and the initiative for skill development is taken by Ministry of Government, Forest and Climate.
• Green job is employment in any industry that contributes to preserving or restoring environmental quality in that sector such as agriculture, construction, etc.
• Green projects are for saving the environment and implemented in areas like waste management, energy conservation etc.

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