CBSE Sample Papers for Class 9 Social Science Set 7 with Solutions - #NCSOLVE 📚

Students must start practicing the questions from CBSE Sample Papers for class 9 Social Science with Solutions Set 7 are designed as per the revised syllabus.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 9 Social Science Set 7 with Solutions

Time Allowed: 3 hours
Maximum Marks: 80

Time : 3 Hrs
Max. Marks: 80

General Instructions

• There are 38 questions in the Question paper. All questions are compulsory.
• The question paper has Four Sections – A-History, B-Geography C-Political Science, and D- Economics.
• Each Section is of 20 Marks and has MCQs, VSA, SA, LAs and CBQ.
• Very Short Answer Type Questions (VSA), carry 2 marks each. Answers to each question should not exceed 40 words.
• Short Answer Type Questions (SA), carry 3 marks each. Answers to each question should not exceed 60 words.
• Long answer type questions (LA), carry 5 marks each. Answers to each question should not exceed 120 words.
• There are case based questions (CBQ) with three sub questions and are of 4 marks each. Answers to each question should not exceed 100 words.
• The map-based questions, carry 5 marks with two parts- Q9. In Section A-History (2 marks) and Q19. In Section B -Geography (3 marks)
• There is no overall choice in the question paper. However, an internal choice has been provided in few questions. Only one of the choices in such questions must be attempted.

Section A (History)

Question 1.
Match the following and choose the correct option (1)

Answer:
(a) 2 3 1 4

Question 2.
Identify and name the leader shown in the picture given below (1)

(a) Joseph Stalin
(b) Karl Marx
(c) Adolf Hitler
(d) Vladimir Lenin
Answer:
(a) Joseph Stalin

Question 3.
The Russian Social Democratic Workers Party had to operate secretly because (1)
(a) It was formed without the support of workers
(b) It opposed government policies and faced restrictions
(c) It did not have enough members to function openly
(d) It was involved in foreign conspiracies
Answer:
(b) It opposed government policies and faced restrictions

Question 4.
“The task of representing the people has been given to the rich.” – What does this statement suggest about French society before the revolution? (1)
(a) Everyone had equal say in governance
(b) Only the wealthy had political power
(c) Peasants controlled the government
(d) Kings allowed equal rights to all
Answer:
(b) Only the wealthy had political power

Question 5.
“Louis XVI inherited a financially weakened state.” Explain the statement with any two reasons. (2)
Or
“The structure of French society before 1789 was unequal.” Explain the statement.
Answer:
The statement can be explained by the following two reasons:-

• When Louis XVI became king in 1774, France had an empty treasury due to years of war.
• Additionally, he spent heavily on maintaining an extravagant court at Versailles and supporting the American colonies, which added further debt to the state.

Or
The structure of French society before 1789 was unequal in the following ways

• The First and Second Estates (clergy and nobility) enjoyed privileges by birth, including tax exemption.
• In contrast, only the Third Estate paid taxes, even though they made up 90% of the population and included peasants, workers and the middle class.

Question 6.
“Different socialists had different visions for creating a socialist society.” Justify the statement with examples. (3)
Or
“Agriculture formed the backbone of the Russian economy in the early 20th century.” Justify the statement with suitable examples.
Answer:
Different socialists had different visions for creating a socialist society as Robert Owen believed individual efforts could build cooperative communities such as New Harmony. In contrast, Louis Blanc argued that only government support could help cooperatives succeed, suggesting that the state should encourage worker-run associations that shared profits fairly. These differing ideas showed the diversity in socialist thought.
Or
About 85% of Russia’s population earned their livelihood from agriculture-much higher than in countries like France or Germany. Russian peasants produced both for their own use and for the market. Russia was also one of the world’s major grain exporters, showing how deeply agriculture was tied to both domestic sustenance and international trade.

Question 7.
“The First World War created conditions in Europe that severely weakened democratic values and institutions.” Analyse this statement with suitable reasons. (5)
Or
“The Great Economic Depression of 1929 had a devastating impact on Germany’s economy and society.” Analyse the statement with suitable evidence.
Answer:
The First World War left Europe economically devastated and psychologically scarred. From being a continent of creditors, Europe became one of debtors. The newly formed Weimar Republic in Germany inherited the burdens of defeat-war guilt, massive reparations and national humiliation. Supporters of the republic, including Socialists and Democrats, were branded ‘November criminals’ and faced hostility.

War propaganda glorified masculinity, aggression and trench life, while the suffering of soldiers was ignored.
A culture of militarism and conservative nationalism emerged, weakening faith in democratic systems. Fragile democracies gave way to authoritarian regimes, as the public grew disillusioned with liberal politics. The instability and resentment created a fertile ground for the rise of dictatorships, showing that democracy in post-war Europe was vulnerable and unable to withstand the pressures of the interwar years.
Or
The Great Economic Depression that began with the Wall Street crash in 1929 hit Germany particularly hard. Between 1929 and 1932, Germany’s industrial production fell to just 40% of its 1929 level. Unemployment skyrocketed to six million, with men roaming the streets wearing placards reading “Willing to do any work.” Jobless youths loitered or resorted to petty crime. The crisis shattered families, while the middle class lost their savings due to currency devaluation. Germany’s earlier economic recovery had been based on American loans, which were quickly withdrawn, deepening the crisis.

Factories shut down, exports collapsed and widespread hunger and hopelessness spread. The depression created intense public discontent, paving the way for political instability and the eventual rise of extremist ideologies. This period marked one of the darkest chapters in modern German history.

Question 8.
Read the given source and answer the following questions “Hitler at the Nuremberg Party Rally, 8th September, 1934, also said, ‘The woman is the most stable element in the preservation of a folk, she has the most unerring sense of everything that is important to not let a race disappear because it is her children who would be affected by all this suffering in the first place. That is why we have integrated the woman in the struggle of the racial community just as nature and providence have determined so.’
(i) What did Hitler emphasise about the role of women at the Nuremberg Party Rally in 1934? (1)
(ii) What incentives were given to women in Nazi Germany for bearing children? (1)
(iii) How were ‘Aryan’ women punished for deviating from Nazi-prescribed conduct? (2)
Answer:
(i) Hitler emphasised that women are crucial for preserving the race due to their innate focus on their children’s welfare. He integrated women into the racial community’s struggle, believing that nature determined their roles.

(ii) Incentives like receiving Honour Crosses, favoured hospital treatment and concessions in shops and theatres were given to women in Nazi Germany for bearing children.

(iii) Aryan women were punished for deviating from Nazi prescribed conduct in following ways

• They were publicly humiliated and paraded with shaved heads.
• They faced jail punishment and social exclusion.

Map Based Question

Question 9.
Two places A and B have been marked on the given outline map of the world. Identify and write their correct names on the lines marked on the map.
A. major French port involved in the transatlantic slave trade (1)
B. the center of revolutionary activity during the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789 (1)

Answer:

Section B (Geography)

Question 10.
How are the Himalayas divided from West to East? (1)
(a) According to political boundaries of states
(b) Based on vegetation and climate zones
(c) On the basis of river valleys and regional names
(d) According to mountain heights and elevations
Answer:
(c) On the basis of river, valleys and regional names

Question 11.
Identify the appropriate option to fill in the empty boxes (1)

Tributaries of the Ganga	Tributaries of the Peninsular Uplands	Name of Delta
Yamuna, Ghaghara, Gandak and Kosi	?	?
Major rivers causing floods but enriching soil	Shorter rivers like Chambal, Betwa and Son	Formed by Ganga, Brahmaputra and Meghna

(a) Chambal, Betwa, Son; Sundarban Delta
(b) Yamuna, Ghaghara, Gandak, Kosi; Indus Delta
(c) Chambal, Betwa, Son; Mahanadi Delta
(d) Yamuna, Ghaghara, Gandak, Kosi; Sundarban Delta
Answer:
(a) Chambal, Betwa, Son; Sundarban Delta

Question 12.
The Himalayas protect the subcontinent from extremely cold winds from central Asia. This enables northern India to have uniformly higher temperatures compared to other areas on the same latitudes. Similarly, the Peninsular plateau, under the influence of the sea from three sides, has moderate temperatures. Despite such moderating influences, there are great variations in the temperature conditions. Nevertheless, the unifying influence of the monsoon on the Indian subcontinent is quite perceptible. (1)
What is the most significant unifying effect of the monsoon on India?
(a) It causes extreme temperature differences across the country.
(b) It creates a rhythmic cycle of seasons that influences agriculture and lifestyle.
(c) It results in heavy snowfall in the Himalayas.
(d) It prevents any seasonal changes across the subcontinent.
Answer:
(b) It creates a rhythmic cycle of seasons that influences agriculture and lifestyle.

Question 13.
Which of the following statements best explains the high population densities in the Northern Plains and Kerala? (1)
(a) These regions have flat plains, fertile soils, and abundant rainfall.
(b) The terrain is hilly and rocky with low rainfall, limiting population growth.
(c) Population density is high due to reliance on unclassified forests.
(d) Moderate to low rainfall and shallow soils lead to very high population density.
Answer:
(a) These regions have flat plains, fertile soils, and abundant rainfall.

Question 14.
What type of drainage pattern is most commonly formed by the rivers of the Ganga plain? (1)
(a) Radial
(b) Trellis
(c) Dendritic
(d) Rectangular
Answer:
(c) Dendritic

Question 15.
What was the primary objective behind launching the National River Conservation Plan (NRCP)? (1)
(a) To promote tourism along riverbanks
(b) To improve water quality by implementing pollution abatement measures
(c) To construct large dams for hydroelectric power
(d) To encourage industrial development near rivers
Answer:
(b) To improve water quality by implementing pollution abatement measures

Question 16.
Considering their role in agriculture, settlement and energy, explain how rivers contribute to the economy of India. (2)
Answer:
Rivers contribute to the economy of India by supporting agriculture through irrigation, enabling crop production vital for livelihoods. Settlements and cities have developed on riverbanks due to water availability. Rivers also generate hydroelectric power, providing energy crucial for economic growth in India.

Question 17.
Person A is planning to relocate and is comparing the climate of two Indian cities-one located in the coastal region of Kerala and another in the interior part of Rajasthan. Based on your understanding of climatic controls, explain why these two places experience very different climatic conditions. (5)
Or
‘The hot weather season and advancing monsoon season are crucial phases that define India’s climatic rhythm.’ Explain how these two seasons influence the life, economy and environment of the country with suitable examples.
Answer:
These two places experience very different climatic conditions. The coastal city in Kerala experiences a moderate climate due to the influence of the sea, which maintains a balance between summer and winter temperatures. In contrast, the city in Rajasthan is far from the sea and exhibits continentality, leading to extreme temperatures-very hot summers and cold winters.

Relief features also play a role; Kerala receives heavy rainfall due to the Western Ghats intercepting monsoon winds, while parts of Rajasthan remain dry as they lie in the rain shadow region. Additionally, altitude and pressure systems affect both regions differently. Kerala, being closer to the equator, receives more solar radiation and consistent monsoon rainfall. Rajasthan, on the other hand, is affected by high pressure in winter and low pressure in summer, further intensifying its dry and hot climate.
Or
The hot weather season and advancing monsoon season greatly influence India’s life, economy and environment in the following ways
(i) Hot Weather Season

• Characterised by rising temperatures up to 45°C in North-Western India, strong hot winds (loo), dust storms, and localised thunderstorms like Kaal Baisakhi in West Bengal.
• Adversely affects human health, agricultural productivity and daily life. Formation of low-pressure troughs during this period prepares the ground for the arrival of the southwest monsoon.

(ii) Advancing Monsoon Season

• Moisture-laden South-West monsoon winds bring heavy rainfall, especially along the Western Ghats and northeastern states, supporting agriculture and replenishing water resources.
• It is vital for hydropower generation, biodiversity and rural livelihoods, though uneven rainfall can lead to floods or droughts.
• It determines crop cycles, water availability, and overall climatic rhythm of the country.

Question 18.
Read the given source and answer the following questions
Frequent and occasionally steady spells of rain over the past few days have lifted the seasonal total from a minor deficit to a modest surplus, as the present equitable pattern of rain makes for enjoyable weather in Goa.
The active monsoon over the past seven days has added nearly 350 mm to the seasonal total. The highest daily average of 24 -hour rainfall during the week was 79.7 mm recorded on the morning of July 23.
On Saturday, the rainfall total touched 1,941.1mm, as compared to the normal value of 1,805.6 mm, producing a surplus of 7.5% as compared to 5 % of the Indian subcontinent.
“In an interesting phenomenon this year, both spatial (relating to area) and temporal (relating to time) rainfall distribution till Saturday morning has been quite good,” said M R Ramesh Kumar, meteorologist and a retired chief scientist of the National Institute of Oceanography. He said, “Most of the 13 rain gauge stations have received plenty of rainfall.”
(i) Why do you think equitable spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall is considered a positive phenomenon? (1)
(ii) How can a modest surplus in rainfall benefit regions like Goa during the monsoon season? Explain with examples. (2)
(iii) Is it reasonable to link well-distributed monsoon rainfall to improved weather experiences and agricultural outcomes? Justify your answer. (1)
Answer:
(i) Equitable spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall is considered a positive phenomenon as it ensures that rain is spread out evenly across different regions and over time. This reduces the chances of flooding in some areas and drought in others.

(ii) A modest surplus in rainfall, such as the 7.5% increase observed in Goa, provides several benefits. It ensures adequate water supply for agriculture, especially paddy cultivation, which is common in the region. It also boosts tourism by creating pleasant weather, replenishes reservoirs, supports biodiversity and reduces dependency on irrigation. For example, consistent rainfall of nearly 350 mm over a week has helped maintain healthy seasonal averages, contributing to water security and economic activity.

(iii) Yes, it is reasonable to link well-distributed monsoon rainfall to both improved weather and better agricultural results. As seen in Goa, steady rainfall has created enjoyable weather conditions and supported seasonal water requirements. Equitable rainfall helps crops receive consistent moisture, prevents soil erosion caused by heavy downpours and minimises water stress during key growth phases.

Map Based Question

Question 19.
On the outline map of India locate and label the following with suitable symbols. (1)
I. (a) the Eastern extension of the Peninsular Plateau, drained by the Damodar River
Or
(b) the Southern stretch of the Western coastal plains
II. Any two of the following. (2)
(i) Capital of Arunachal Pradesh
(ii) mountain range in the North-Western Himalayas, known for having some of the world’s tallest peaks
(iii) An island nation located to the South-East of India in the Indian Ocean

Answer:

Section C (Political Science)

Question 20.
Which of the following statements are true regarding elections? (1)
I. Elections provide a mechanism through which citizens choose their representatives and form the government.
II. A democratic election must allow only the educated and experienced to vote.
III. Elections ensure regular change in leadership, including the removal of unpopular representatives.
IV. Free and fair elections require an independent body to conduct the process impartially (such as the Election Commission of India).
Choose the correct option
(a) I and III
(b) II and IV
(c) I, III and IV
(d) I and II
Answer:
(c) I, III and IV

Question 21.
The cartoon below uses a witty take on the word “reservation” in two different contexts-one related to social-political issues and the other to food branding. Which of the following options best explains the cartoon? (1)
(a) It criticises the reservation system in politics.
(b) It creatively uses wordplay to highlight a social debate and promote a product simultaneously.
(c) It supports the removal of reservation policies.
(d) It promotes student protests against quota systems.

Answer:
(b) It creatively uses wordplay to highlight a social debate and promote a product simultaneously.

Question 22.
Suppose a group of civil servants refuses to implement a decision taken by the Cabinet. Which of the following statements is most accurate in the context of democratic institutions?
(a) Civil servants are independent and not bound by political decisions.
(b) Civil servants can question any decision and choose not to implement it.
(c) Civil servants are expected to implement decisions taken by the Cabinet as per constitutional roles.
(d) Civil servants must seek permission from the Supreme Court before acting.
Answer:
(c) Civil servants are expected to implement decisions taken by the Cabinet as per constitutional roles.

Question 23.
Two statements are given as Assertion (A) and Reason(R). Read the statements carefully and choose the correct option.
Assertion (A) Citizens of Saudi Arabia have no say in electing their government.
Reason (R) Saudi Arabia is ruled by a hereditary monarch who appoints both legislature and judiciary. Options:
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true, but R is false.
(d) A is false, but R is true.
Answer:
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Question 24.
Mention any two reasons why 26th January is celebrated as Republic Day in India. (2)
Answer:
26th January is celebrated as Republic Day in India because

• The Constitution of India came into effect on 26 th January, 1950, making India a republic.
• 26th January was chosen to honour the 1930 Purna Swaraj declaration, when India first demanded complete independence from British rule.

Question 25.
“Institutions in a democracy ensure division of responsibilities and continuity of governance.” Highlight any two functions performed by these institutions that help the government run smoothly. (2)
Answer:
The two functions performed by these institutions that help the government run smoothly are

• Institutions help the government by dividing responsibilities. For example, the Cabinet takes policy decisions, while civil servants implement them.
• Similarly, the judiciary resolves disputes between citizens and the government, ensuring fair governance.

Question 26.
“Democracy ensures fair representation for all sections of society, including the weaker and marginalised.” Support this statement with suitable arguments based on constitutional provisions. (3)
Answer:
The given statement can be supported by the following arguments

• Our Constitution provides for reserved constituencies for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
• The constitution contains provisions which allows them to contest elections from designated seats, reflecting their population share.
• Additionally, reservation for OBCs and women in local bodies promotes inclusivity. These provisions prevent domination by resourceful groups and ensure that democracy truly represents the diverse voices of India.

Question 27.
“The Indian Constitution was created under extremely challenging circumstances.” Explain the difficulties faced during its making and the factors that helped overcome them. (5)
Or
“The Indian Constitution balances values and practicality through its institutional design.” Explain how the Constitution reflects this balance and why regular amendments are important.
Answer:
The Indian Constitution was created under extremely challenging circumstances as the country was reeling from partition-related violence, mass migration and integration of princely states, creating widespread insecurity. The nation was transitioning from colonial subjects to citizens. Despite these challenges, the Constitution makers benefited from a shared vision developed during the freedom struggle.

Documents like the 1928 Motilal Nehru draft and the 1931 Karachi resolution had already outlined ideas such as universal adult franchise and equality. Additionally, experiences gained under British rule, especially through limited legislatures and elections, gave Indians familiarity with parliamentary procedures. This enabled consensus on democratic principles and institutional structures, helping lay the foundation for a strong and inclusive Constitution.
Or
The Indian Constitution successfully reflects the balance by blending democratic values with practical governance by establishing a well-thought-out institutional design. It is not merely a declaration of ideals-it provides the detailed framework needed to implement those ideals in real life. It outlines how the government is formed, how powers are distributed and how citizens’ rights are protected. The Constitution is long and written in precise legal language to avoid ambiguity in governance.

However, the makers did not view it as rigid or unchangeable. They included provisions for regular constitutional amendments to ensure it evolves with the changing aspirations of society. This flexibility helps maintain a balance between tradition and progress, making the system adaptable yet stable. Amendments allow it to respond to social, political and technological changes while preserving democratic principles.

Question 28.
Read the given source and answer the following questions.
Elections are thus all about political competition. This competition takes various forms. The most obvious form is the competition among political parties. At the constituency level, it takes the form of competition among several candidates. If there is no competition, elections will become pointless. Clearly, an electoral competition has many demerits.

It creates a sense of disunity and ‘factionalism’ in every locality. You would have heard of people complaining of ‘party-politics’ in your locality. Different political parties and leaders often level allegations against one another. Parties and candidates often use dirty tricks to win elections. Some people say that this pressure to win electoral fights does not allow sensible long-term policies to be formulated. Some good people who may wish to serve the country do not enter this arena. They do not like the idea of being dragged into unhealthy competition. Our Constitution makers were aware of these problems. Yet they opted for free competition in elections as the way to select our future leaders.
(i) State any two reasons why political competition in elections is considered necessary despite its drawbacks. (1)
(ii) Mention any two problems caused by political competition during elections. (2)
(iii) Explain why the Constitution makers chose free competition in elections despite the challenges it brings. (1)
Answer:
(i) Political competition in elections is considered is necessary because

• It allows people to choose their leaders freely, ensuring accountability.
• It prevents any one group or person from holding power indefinitely.

(ii) Political competition often creates disunity and factionalism in communities. Candidates and parties may use dirty tricks or make false allegations against rivals to win. This unhealthy rivalry sometimes discourages good and honest people from entering politics.

(iii) The Constitution makers chose free competition in elections despite the challenges it brings because it works best in the long term. Free competition prevents concentration of power and ensures leaders remain accountable. It is the most practical way to select representatives since leaders may have personal ambitions and may not always act in the public’s best interest without competition.

Section D (Economics)

Question 29.
Economic activities include (1)
(a) only activities related to agriculture and mining
(b) activities that produce goods and services, either for pay or self-consumption
(c) only jobs in manufacturing and industry
(d) activities that do not add value to national income
Answer:
(b) activities that produce goods and services, either for pay or self-consumption.

Question 30.
Which of the following statements best highlights a significant limitation of using per capita income (average income) to understand food insecurity across different social groups? (1)
(a) It shows how equally or unequally income is distributed in society.
(b) It fully captures variations in social vulnerability and food accessibility.
(c) It gives a general economic picture but hides disparities among vulnerable groups.
(d) It only reflects national average income and neglects urban areas.
Answer:
(c) It gives a general economic picture but hides disparities among vulnerable groups.

Question 31.
Which of the following best explains the limitation of the  2.15 day poverty line when assessing food insecurity across social groups? (1)
(a) It measures nutrition levels precisely.
(b) It reflects only absolute income, ignoring vulnerability among SCs, STs and disaster-affected populations.
(c) It accounts for regional cost differences.
(d) It can be used interchangeably with multidimensional poverty.
Answer:
(b) It reflects only absolute income, ignoring vulnerability among SCs, STs and disaster-affected populations.

Question 32.
Which scheme aims to provide 100 days of wage employment to every rural household in India? (1)
(a) National Rural Health Mission
(b) National Rural Livelihood Mission
(c) Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
(d) Swachh Bharat Mission
Answer:
(c) Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act

Question 33.
Person A is explaining disguised unemployment in a village. Which of the following examples best supports their explanation? (1)
(a) Five people are hired to run machines in a factory but only two are trained.
(b) Eight family members work on a farm where only five are actually needed and removing the extra three doesn’t reduce output.
(c) A woman chooses to remain a homemaker and doesn’t apply for outside jobs.
(d) A graduate remains jobless because there are no companies in their city.
Answer:
(b) Eight family members work on a farm where only five are actually needed and removing the extra three doesn’t reduce output.

Question 34.
Match the following. (1)

Answer:
(d) 1 2 3 4

Question 35.
Assess how different strategies adopted by Indian states have contributed to reducing poverty and improving well-being. (3)
Answer:
Different Indian states have followed diverse strategies to reduce poverty and to improve well being. Kerala emphasised human resource development, improving education and health. West Bengal implemented land reforms, while Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu strengthened the public distribution system. These targeted approaches led to significant poverty reduction in these regions. However, inter-state disparities remain, with some states achieving faster progress than others, highlighting the need for context-specific poverty alleviation strategies.

Question 36.
‘Maintaining a buffer stock of foodgrains is vital for food security and price stability in the country.’ Justify the statement. (3)
Answer:
Maintaining a Buffer stock of food grains is vital for food security and price stability in the country as it ensures food availability during natural calamities, crop failures or seasonal shortages. Procured at Minimum Support Prices, it supports farmers by guaranteeing a fair price. Stored grains are later distributed in food deficit regions and to poorer sections at subsidised rates. This not only stabilises prices but also protects vulnerable populations from hunger, making it a crucial tool for national food security and welfare.

Question 37.
Identify three key reasons why women’s work is often undervalued and underpaid in India. (3)
Answer:
Three key reasons why women’s work is often undervalued and underpaid in India are

• Most of the women’s work, like domestic chores, is unpaid and not counted in national income.
• Secondly, many women have limited access to education and skill development, reducing their earning potential.
• Thirdly, those who work in unorganised sectors face irregular income, lack of job security and minimal legal protections, leading to persistent gender-based wage gaps and inequality.

Question 38.
A student researcher interacted with two families-one from a Scheduled Tribe in a remote village and another from an urban casual-labour household. After the visit, the student observed that both groups remain among the most vulnerable to poverty. Discuss the reasons that justify the student’s conclusion. (5)
Or
Poverty in India has historical, structural and social roots. Examine how multiple interlinked factors continue to contribute to the persistence of poverty in India.
Answer:
The student’s conclusion is supported by data showing that Scheduled Tribes and urban casual-labour households are among the poorest and most disadvantaged groups in India. Scheduled Tribes often live in geographically isolated areas, with limited access to education, healthcare and employment opportunities.

This marginalisation has led to nearly 43% of them being below the poverty line. Similarly, urban casual-labour households lack job security, earn irregular incomes and often live in informal settlements without basic services.

Their poverty rate is also high at 34%. Both groups face a double burden: economic insecurity combined with social exclusion. These families typically lack land, social protection and political voice, which worsens their condition. The student rightly identifies that poverty is deeply linked to structural inequality faced by these groups.
Or
Poverty in India is not caused by one single factor but by a combination of historical, economic and social issues. During British colonial rule, traditional industries were destroyed and economic growth was stunted, leading to limited job opportunities and low income levels. Post-independence, although some development occurred, benefits were unequally distributed. The Green Revolution created jobs but only in selected regions.

In urban areas, poor migrants often take up insecure jobs with irregular incomes and live in slums. Income inequality and unequal access to land and resources have further deepened the divide. Socio-cultural pressures like spending on ceremonies and borrowing at high interest rates have also pushed people into chronic indebtedness. These interlinked factors make poverty a persistent and multi-dimensional issue in India.

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