Light Shadows and Reflections Class 7 Notes Science Chapter 11 - #NCSOLVE 📚

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Class 7 Science Chapter 11 Light Shadows and Reflections Notes

Class 7 Light Shadows and Reflections Notes

Class 7 Science Chapter 11 Notes – Light Shadows and Reflections Notes Class 7

→ Light: A form of energy that helps us to see different objects.

→ Sources of Light: The objects which emit light are called sources of light. The sources of light can be categorised into (i) natural (ii) artificial. Sun, stars, lightning all are examples of natural sources of light whereas bulb, torch or tubelight all are examples of artificial sources of light.

→ On the basis of production of light, the objects are classified into two groups: (i) luminous objects, (ii) non-luminous objects.

→ Luminous Objects: The objects which produce light of their own are called luminous objects. For example: sun, stars, firefly, etc.

→ Non-luminous Objects: The objects which do not produce light of their own are called non- luminous objects. For example: table, chair, planets, moon, etc.

→ The light travels in a straight line.

→ LED lamps are modern sources of light which consume very less power as compared to traditional lamps.

→ Types of Materials: On the basis of the passing of light through the materials. They are classified into the following three groups: (i) transparent materials, (ii) translucent materials, (iii) opaque materials.

→ Transparent Materials: The materials which allow the light to pass through them completely are called transparent materials. For example: glass sheets, water, air, etc.

→ Translucent Materials: The materials which allow only a part of light to pass through them but not all the light, are called translucent materials. For example: thin paper, oily paper, etc.

→ Opaque Materials: The materials which do not allow the light at all to pass through them are called opaque materials. For examples: walls, book, cement sheet.

→ Shadow: When any opaque objects come in the path of light, they do not allow any amount of light to pass so they cast dark patches behind them. These dark patches are called shadows.

Opaque objects form darkest shadows whereas translucent objects form lighter shadow and some transparent objects can also form lightest of the shadow.

→ Formation of Shadow:

• All opaque objects cast shadows.
• When an opaque object is kept in the path of light, it casts shadow which can be seen on a screen.
• The position of the object with respect to the light source and screen affects the size, shape, and sharpness of its shadow.
• Shadows give us some information about the shapes of objects.
• The black colour of shadow is not affected by

→ Reflection of Light: A mirror, or shiny surface that acts as mirror, changes the direction of light that falls on it. This change in direction of light by a mirror is called reflection of light.

→ An image of an object is formed when light rays coming from the object reflect from a surface like a mirror and reach our eyes. An image formed by a plane mirror is erect and of the same size as the object.

→ The Image Formed by a Plane Mirror: The image formed by a plane mirror is erect, cannot be obtained on screen and is of the same size as the object. It appears to be at the same distance behind the mirror as the object is in front of it.

→ Lateral Inversion: If we stand before a plane mirror and move our right hand, our image appears to move its left hand. In fact, our entire image is reversed sideways. This type of perceived left-right reversal of the image is known as lateral inversion.

→ Pinhole Camera: A pinhole camera is a simple device with a small hole that allows light rays from an object to pass through the hole and form an image on a screen.

→ Image Formed by a Pinhole Camera: Images formed by a pinhole camera are upside-down (inverted image).

→ Periscope: A periscope uses two plane mirrors placed inside a ‘z’ shaped box at an angle of 45°.

→ Due to reflection from mirror 1 and then from mirror 2, it allows us to see objects that are not visible directly. Periscopes are used in submarines, tanks and also by soldiers to see things outside bunkers.

→ Kaleidoscope: A kaleidoscope works on the principle of multiple reflections. It uses three rectangular plane mirror strips arranged in triangular form.

→ In a kaleidoscope, you will see the different pattern every time. Designers of fabrics, wallpapers and artists use kaleidoscope to get ideas for new patterns.

→ Luminous object: Objects that emit their own light are known as luminous objects, e.g., Sun, star, torch light etc.

→ Non-luminous object: Objects that do not emit their own light are known as non-luminous objects, e.g. Table, books, trees etc.

→ Shadow formation: A shadow is formed when an opaque object blocks the path of light. The area behind the object where light cannot reach becomes dark patch, creating a shadow.

→ Reflection of light: The phenomenon of change in the direction of light or the bouncing back of light when it falls on a shiny, polished surface or mirror is called reflection of light.

→ Pinhole camera: A pinhole camera is a simple device in which light rays from an object pass through a tiny hole (called a pinhole) and form an image on a screen placed inside the camera.

Light is a form of energy. We are able to see objects around us because light reflects off them and enters our eyes. Light travels in straight line and when it comes from a source, it can be seen as a beam of light.

Sources of Light

The Sun emits its own light and is the primary source of natural light on Earth. In addition to the Sun, other natural sources such as stars, lightning, natural fire, and even some animals (like fireflies and certain deep-sea creatures) also produce their own light. These sources are all examples of objects that generate light naturally, without any human involvement.

Those objects which emit their own lights are known as luminous objects, e.g. Sun, light bulb, etc. However, some objects like table or books do not have their own light. These are known as non-luminous objects. We can see these non-luminous objects, if light rays get reflected from their surfaces and reaches to our eyes.

Lights Emitting Diode (LED) lamps are modern lighting solutions that use significantly less energy, offer higher brightness, and have a longer lifespan than traditional lamps. This not only helps in lowering electricity bills but is also more environmental friendly. Recognising these benefits, the Indian government has made significant efforts to promote the widespread use of LED lamps across the country. When these lamps reach the end of their life, they must be properly recycled or disposed off and should not be thrown into regular garbage.

Light Travels Along a Straight Line

We can easily prove that light travels in a straight line from an example. If we try to see a lighted candle through a straight pipe with one eye (keeping the other eye closed), then we can see the light of candle flame and if we look at the lighted candle through a bent pipe in a similar way, then we will not be able to see the light of candle flame.

This concludes that the light travels in a straight line.

Light Through Transparent, Translucent and Opaque Materials

Light behaves differently when it passes through various materials. Based on how much light they allow to pass through, materials are classified into transparent, translucent and opaque.

• Transparent materials allow light to pass through them completely, so objects on the other side can be seen clearly, e.g. Clear glass and clean water.
• Translucent materials allow only a part of light to pass through them, making objects appear blurred or unclear. Frosted glass and wax paper are good examples of translucent materials.
• Opaque materials do not allow any light to pass through them, so we cannot see anything through them. Wood, metal and thick cardboard are common opaque materials.

Shadow Formation
A shadow is formed when an opaque object blocks the path of light. The area behind the object where light cannot reach forms a dark patch, creating a shadow. The size and shape of the shadow depend on the position of the light source and the object. We often see the shadows of ourselves and other objects when we’re standing in the sunlight or under a light source.

To form a shadow, we need three things.

• A source of light.
• An opaque object which comes in the path of light.
• A screen on which shadow forms.

Reflection of Light

The phenomenon of change in the direction of light or the bouncing back of light when it falls on a shiny, polished surface or mirror is called reflection of light. e.g. When light falls on shiny surfaces like stainless steel or shining spoon, it changes its direction.

In these certain situations, the shiny surface acts as mirror. Similarly, the surface of water can also act like a mirror and change the path of light and that is why we see the reflection of trees or buildings in water.

Images Formed in a Plane Mirror
When an object is placed in front of a plane mirror, an image is formed. This image has the following characteristics

• Virtual image The image formed by a plane mirror is virtual, means it cannot be projected on a screen. It appears to be behind the mirror.
• Upright The image is always upright (not inverted), just like the object.
• Same size The image formed is of the same size as the object.
• Laterally inverted The image is laterally inverted, meaning the left and right sides are reversed.
  • For example- when you raise your right hand in front of a plane mirror, the image you see in the mirror raises its left hand. This is an effect of lateral inversion. It doesn’t affect the top and bottom of the object, only the left and right.
• Same distance The image appears to be at the same distance behind the mirror as the object is in front of it.
  Plane mirror

Pinhole Camera
A pinhole camera is a simple device in which light rays from an object pass through a tiny hole (called a pinhole) and form an image on a screen placed inside the camera. It works on the principle that light travels in a straight line.

Making Some Useful Items

Periscope
A periscope is a simple optical device that allows us to see objects that are not in our direct line of sight. It uses two plane mirrors placed at 45° angles to reflect light from the object to the viewer’s eyes. Periscope are used in tanks, submarines, trenches, naval ships, etc.

Construction

• Take a long, rectangular cardboard or plastic tube.
• Cut two openings, one near the top on the front side and one near the bottom on the back side.
• Place one plane mirror inside the top part of the tube at a 45° angle, facing the lower opening.
• Place the second plane mirror inside the bottom part of the tube, also at a 45° angle, facing the upper opening.
• Make sure the mirrors are firmly fixed and properly aligned.
• When light from an object enters the top opening, it reflects off the top mirror to the bottom mirror and then to the viewer’s eye.

Kaleidoscope
A kaleidoscope is an optical instrument with two or more reflecting surfaces tilted to each other at an angle. It is used by designer of wallpapers and fabrics artists to get idea for new patterns. An interesting feature of a kaleidoscope is that you will never see the same pattern again. It is based on the principle of multiple reflections of light.

Construction

• It contains three plane mirrors inclined at an angle of 60° to each other in a tube.
• One end of tube is closed with two circular glass discs, the inner one is transparent glass and the outer one is ground glass. The other end of tube is closed by a cardboard disc with the small hole in the centre.
• Glass pieces and bangle pieces of various colours are kept between the two discs.

Note Ground glass is a type of glass which is partially transparent.

Class 7 Science Chapter 11 Notes Light Shadows and Reflections

→ Objects that emit their own light are called luminous objects.

→ Light travels in a straight line.

→ Light passes almost completely through transparent materials. Light passes partially through translucent materials. Light does not pass through opaque materials.

→ A shadow is formed when light is blocked by an object. Opaque objects form darker shadows. Translucent objects make lighter shadows. Some transparent objects can create faint shadows.

→ The change in the direction of light by a mirror is called reflection of light.

→ The image formed by a plane mirror is of the same size as the object, is erect, cannot be obtained on a screen, and is laterally inverted.

→ A pinhole camera creates an inverted image of an object on a screen

Light: Shadows and Reflections

In the Western Ghat region of Maharashtra, Keshav spends part of his summer vacation at his friend Jatin’s grandparents’ village. Having lived in a big city, he finds the forests, fresh air, sounds of gushing streams, and chirping birds a novel experience.

However, for Keshav, the most fascinating sight is the dance of hundreds of fireflies at night, flashing their lights in a wonderful performance. Jatin’s grandparents explain that fireflies are seasonal insects and they use light to communicate. Unfortunately, Keshav also learns the number of fireflies is decreasing due to light pollution, reduced forest cover, and excessive tourism.

At the end of their vacation, Keshav and Jatin board an evening bus back to their city. As the bus winds through the hilly roads, Keshav watches the moonlit landscape and the beams from the headlights of passing vehicles flashing by. He is reminded of the many poems and songs about moonlight, and wonders—does the Moon actually produce its own light? Did we not learn in the chapter ‘Beyond Earth’ in the Grade 6 Science textbook Curiosity that all other objects in our solar system shine only by reflecting the light of the Sun? Is moonlight just reflected sunlight? Which objects give off their own light? While thinking, he notices something strange— light seems to move in a straight line!

Sources of Light

The Sun gives out or emits its own light and is the main source of natural light on the Earth. Stars, lightning, natural fire, and certain animals also emit their own light (Figure).
In ancient times, humans learnt to create fire — the earliest form of artificial lighting. With time, they learnt to create fire using different fuels, such as animal fat, oil, wax, and gas (Figure).

Fig. Some natural sources of light

With the invention of electricity and different kinds of electric light sources, most of the lighting needs of humans are now met by electric lighting (Figure).
Objects that emit their own light are called luminous objects. Objects that do not emit their own light are called non-luminous objects. The Moon is a non-luminous object. It does not emit its own light. It just reflects the light emitted by the Sun that falls on it.

Fig. Fire as a source of artificial light

Fig. Some sources of electric light

Science And Society
Light Emitting Diode (LED) lamps are modern light sources that consume much less power, are brighter and last longer than traditional lamps. This not only reduces electricity bills but is also better for environment. Recognising their advantages, the Indian government has made substantial eff orts to promote the use of LED lamps nationwide. At their end of life, LED lamps must be appropriately disposed or recycled, and not thrown in the garbage.

Does Light Travel in a Straight Line?

Let us do an activity to try to find out.

Let us investigate

• Take three matchboxes and make a hole in the inner tray of each matchbox, exactly at the same position.
• Arrange these three matchboxes in a straight line. Make sure that all three holes are exactly at the same height and are in a line as shown in Figure.
• Place a torch light on one side of the matchboxes, ensuring that its lamp is at the height of the holes.
• Place a cardboard (screen) on the other side of the matchboxes and obtain a bright spot on it. (You may need to slightly adjust the heights of boxes.)
• Move one of the matchboxes slightly to a side or up and down. Are you able to obtain the light spot on the screen now?

When all the three holes are not in the same line, we could not obtain the light spot on the screen. These observations suggest that light travels in a straight line.

Should we also try out this idea?

Let us explore
Caution—Use a lighted candle under adult supervision

• Take a long hollow pipe of some flexible material and align it so that you can see the candle flame as shown in Fig. (a).
• Now, bend the pipe and try to see the candle flame again (Fig. (b)). Can you still see it?
• You could see the candle flame through a straight pipe but not through a bent pipe. This shows that light travels in a straight line.
• Pass a laser beam through a beaker filled with water in which a drop of milk is added to make the laser beam easily visible.
• What do you observe? Do you see that the beam of laser light inside water follows a straight path?

However, light can sometimes even bend around corners! This is something you will learn in the higher grades.

Fig. Viewing candle flame through
(a) a straight pipe
(b) a bent pipe

Caution— Use a laser only under teachers’ supervision. Avoid using high-power lasers for this activity; a low-power laser pointer is sufficient. Never point the laser beam directly at anyone’s eyes, as it can cause serious eye damage.

Pass a laser beam through a beaker filled with water in which a drop of milk is added to make the laser beam easily visible.
What do you observe? Do you see that the beam of laser light inside water follows a straight path?
However, light can sometimes even bend around corners! This is something you will learn in the higher grades.

Light through Transparent, Translucent, and Opaque Materials

Let us place objects made of different materials in the path of light and find out.

Let us experiment

• Collect objects made of different materials. Also, you will need a torch.
• List the materials of the objects and classify them into transparent, translucent, and opaque (In the chapter ‘Materials Around Us’ in the Grade 6 Science textbook Curiosity you learnt to classify materials into transparent, translucent, and opaque, depending on how you could see through them).
  Go to a dark room, turn on the torch, and place it at such a position that you get a spot of light from the torch on a wall. Or you may place a cardboard screen as shown in Figure and get the spot of light on it.
• We will now conduct this activity in two parts—prediction and observation.
• Predict what will happen if you hold an object in front of the light coming out of the torch. Would you continue to see the spot of light on the screen? Note your prediction in Table
• Now, actually place the object between the torch and the screen. Does light pass through the object? Note your observation.
• Repeat this for all the objects.

Was your observation the same as your prediction? What conclusions could you draw? Light passes almost completely through transparent materials. Light passes partially through translucent materials. Light does not pass through opaque materials.

Fig. Passing light through different materials

Shadow Formation

Fig. Shadows around us

We have noticed shadows of ourselves and other objects around us when we are in the Sun or under a light (Figure). Also, you might have had fun making different shapes with shadows sometime.
Do translucent and transparent objects create shadows or not? Did you notice that in Activity? Opaque objects form darker shadows. Translucent objects make lighter shadows. Even some transparent objects can create faint shadows!

Let us learn more about shadows.

Let us explore.

• Collect some opaque objects of different shapes and sizes.
• Repeat Activity, but this time, carry out the actions mentioned in the first column of Table.
• Observe the shape and size of the shadow on the screen for each of the actions.
• Did the shadow form in all cases? Was the shape and size of the shadow the same as the object?
• Record your observations in the second column of Table.

What conclusions do you draw from this activity? What do we need to observe a shadow? Does the colour of the shadow change when the colour of the object is changed?

Shadows are formed when an object blocks light from falling on a screen. We need a source of light, an opaque object, and a screen to observe a shadow. The walls, floor, ground, or any other surface acts as a screen for observing shadows in our daily life.

The shape, size, and sharpness of the shadow depend on the position of the object relative to the light source and the screen. The shadows may give information about the object or we may not be able to guess the object at all. Changing the colour of opaque objects does not change the colour of the shadows.

Fascinating Facts
Shadow play, or shadow puppetry, has been a part of our cultural heritage for centuries. In this art form, flat cut-out figures called shadow puppets are placed between a light source and a screen. By moving the puppets and the light, puppeteers can create life-like movements, bringing the characters to life. Different regions have their own unique styles, like the Charma Bahuli Natya in Maharashtra, Keelu Bomme and Tholu Bommalata of Andhra Pradesh, Togalu Gombeyaata in Karnataka, Ravana Chhaya in Odisha, Tholpavakoothu in Kerala, and Bommalattam in Tamil Nadu. These are used not only for entertainment but also communicate important messages to the community.

Reflection of Light

Let us investigate

• Find a shiny flat steel plate or a plane mirror, that is, a mirror that is flat and not curved.
• Take it outside and let the sunlight fall on the shiny surface. What can you do to redirect light on the wall on which the sunlight is not falling directly?
• Turn the shiny plate or mirror in different directions to redirect the light onto a wall or a nearby surface (Figure). Do you see a spot of light on the wall? Does it mean that the shiny plate or mirror has changed the direction of light?
• Now, tilt the shiny plate or mirror in different ways and observe the light spot on the wall. Does it change position?

Notice how light always travels in straight lines and changes direction when it falls on the shiny plate or mirror.
What conclusion do you draw from your observations? This activity suggests that a shiny surface or a mirror changes the direction of light that falls upon it. This change in direction of light by a mirror is called the reflection of light. Let us try to understand the reflection of light by a mirror.

Fig. Using mirror to redirect sunlight on a wall

Let us experiment

• Take a plane mirror with stand, a torch, a comb, a sheet of white paper, and a strip of black paper.
• Using the black paper, close all openings of the comb, except for one to make a thin slit.
• Spread a white paper on a table, hold the comb perpendicular to the sheet of paper and shine the torch light on the slit. Adjust the comb and torch slightly till you see a thin beam of light along the paper which has passed through the slit (Fig. (a)).
• Now, place the mirror in the path of the light beam while keeping the comb steady (Fig. (b)). What do you observe?

The path of the light beam is changed after falling on the mirror. The reflection of light occurs at the mirror.

Fig. (a) A light beam (b) Reflection of light in a plane mirror

Images Formed in a Plane Mirror

Look into the mirror. Do you see your face in it? What you see is a reflection of your face in the mirror. We also see reflections of other objects that are in front of the mirror. Let us try to find out more about this.

Let us experiment

• Take a plane mirror and a pen or some other object.
• Place the pen in front of the mirror as shown in Figure.
• What do you see in the mirror? It appears as if a similar pen is placed behind the mirror. The pen which appears behind the mirror is the image of the pen formed by the mirror. The pen itself is the object.
• Now, move the pen to different positions in front of the mirror and compare the sizes of the images of the pen at each position.
  Are the two sizes the same? The image formed by a plane mirror is of the same size as the object.
• Again, move the pen to different positions in front of the mirror and observe if the image is upright at each position.
  Does the tip of the pen appear on top at each position? An upright image is called erect. An image formed by a plane mirror is erect.
• Now, place a screen vertically behind the mirror. Move it around. Do you get the image on the screen? Repeat this by placing the screen in front of the mirror.

The image formed by a plane mirror cannot be obtained on a screen.

Fig. Image of a pen in a plane mirror

Let us experiment
Stand in front of a plane mirror and look at your image (Fig. 11.11). Notice how far it appears to be from the mirror.
Now, stand close to the mirror. Is the image also closer to the mirror?
Stand at different distances from the mirror and notice how far the image appears to be from the mirror in each case.
Do you find any relation between your distance from the Fig n n. observing one’s mirror and the distance of your image from the mirror? own image in a mirror
You might have noticed that when you stand close to the plane mirror, the image also appears to be close to the mirror. The image appears to be far from the mirror when you stand far from the plane mirror.

Fig. Observing one’s own image in a mirror

• Raise your left arm. Which arm does your image raise?
• Touch your right ear. Which ear does your image touch?

You find that your left appears right in your image and your right appears left in your image. This type of perceived left-right reversal is called lateral inversion. There is lateral inversion in the images formed by a plane mirror.

Fascinating Facts
When mirrors were invented is not known. Earlier, mirrors were made by polishing stone or metal. When glass mirrors started being made, the art of making metal mirrors got lost gradually. However, it still survives, for example, in Kerala, where Aranmula Kannadi, a unique metal surface mirror has been made for centuries.

Pinhole Camera

A pinhole camera is a device in which the light rays from an object pass through a tiny hole (a pinhole) and form an image on a screen.

Let us explore
Caution—Use a lighted candle under adult supervision only.

• Take a piece of cardboard and a candle. Make a small hole in the cardboard.
• In a dimly lit room, position the cardboard at a short distance from a screen.
• Place a lighted candle in front of it as shown in Fig. (a).

What do you see on the screen? Light coming from the flame passes through the hole on the cardboard and forms an image of the candle flame on the screen. Do you notice anything surprising? The image of the candle flame is upside down, that is, inverted.
Let us now make a pinhole camera, which you can use outdoors.

Fig. (a) A simple pinhole camera (b) Image of a candle fl ame on screen

Let us construct

• Take two boxes of cardboard such that one can slide into another with very little gap in between them. Cut open one side of each box.
• On the opposite face of the larger box, make a small hole in the middle (Fig. (a)).
• On the opposite face of the smaller box, cut out a square from the middle with a side of about 5-6 cm. Cover this opening with a thin translucent paper (like a tracing paper) to form a screen (Fig. (b)).
• Slide the smaller box inside the larger one in such a way that the side with the tracing paper is inside (Fig. (c)).

Hold the pinhole camera with the pinhole facing the object and look through the open side of the smaller box. Cover your head and the camera with a dark cloth. Look at a distant object, like a tree or building, in bright sunlight and move the smaller box forward or backward until an image appears on the tracing paper.
Do the images seen in the camera show the colours of the objects on the other side? Are the images erect or upside down?

Fig. A sliding pinhole camera

A pinhole camera gives an upside down image. On the other hand, there is lateral inversion in the image formed by a mirror but it is not upside down. We will learn more about this in higher grades.

Making Some Useful Items

After having learnt that light travels in a straight line and is refl ected by mirrors, it is time to create some useful items based on this learning.

Periscope
We can make a simple periscope by placing two plane mirrors in a Z-shaped box as shown in Fig. 11.14.

Reflection from two mirrors enables us to see objects that are not visible directly. Periscopes are used in submarines, tanks, or by soldiers to see outside their bunkers. You may use it to look ahead when standing behind taller friends.

Kaleidoscope
Get three rectangular plane mirror strips of equal width and join them together in a triangular manner as shown in Fig. (a). You may use three strips of thick refl ective paper instead of mirrors. Fix these in a circular tube of thick chart paper (Fig. (b)). On one end of the tube, fix a transparent plastic sheet using a rubber band or an adhesive tape. Place several broken pieces of coloured bangles or beads on this (Fig. (c)), and cover it with a tracing paper using a rubber band or an adhesive tape.

Fig. A periscope

When you peep through the open side, you view a beautiful pattern (Fig. (d)). Even if you leave both sides of the kaleidoscope open and point it towards a tree or other objects, you see beautiful patterns.

An interesting feature of the kaleidoscope is that one always gets to see a diff erent pattern every time the kaleidoscope is turned about. Since there are 3 mirrors, and multiple images (due to reflections of reflections), many interesting patterns are formed.

Designers and artists often use kaleidoscopes to get ideas for new patterns.

Fig. A kaleidoscope

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